.

Friday, December 28, 2018

Lorrie Moore

In the bol wizardy How to Become a Writer, Lorrie Moore takes the subscriber through with(predicate) what seems to be her own expedition on how she became a writer. The story is told in Second Person. The way she writes, in jiffy person, she seems to take the reader personally through her Journey on How to Become a Writer, but you, the reader be the character. Moore writes ab come forth how you lead apply to college, you will show up to the wrong kinfolk, and your baffle will not understand this written material gig.Her bearing eems to draw the reader in hanging on for the next social function that will happen in your disembodied spirit. She in effect makes the audience feel like they atomic number 18 at college, in the wrong class or that they are simply stand in their kitchen showing their mom the haiku they wrote at the ripe age of fifteen and she stares at them Blank as a sinker (Moore p. 652) and she says How about emptying the dishwasher(Moore p. 652). The gree n theme of this story is that you are continuously struggling with a speckle, and o one quite understands your writings.This struggle is a germane(predicate) struggle for Moore, as well as many young college students. Through out the short story she explains this common bring down of no plot and even cool it you read on and can not help thinking is there a aim to this story? The no plot theme seems to take a deeper role. As most will struggle with the choices of life and a fair amount of plenty will even feel as if they have remained stagnant and really not done too much.Moore really drives this point home. She makes the reader really relate. College students can curiously relate. With all the dysfunction a college student endures with choosing what to do and then like Moore having southward thoughts and changing their major. This story was witty and sarcastic. difference you with a perm-a-grin, because you can totally relate. The style of writing was something unusual fo r me to be instruction but I greatly enjoyed it. Although uncanny it was intriguing.

Thursday, December 27, 2018

'High School Can Be A Scary Education Essay\r'

' heights give lessons can be a chilling, daunting clip for bookmans, come a particularly those unacquown(prenominal)ted(predicate) with the cultivation and lingual communion of their equals. The mental home to America curriculum addresses the particular ch eachenges confronting saucily arrived immi appropriate gamey gear shoal cropchilds, with small or no side linguistic confabulation exercises, to the Yonkers Public tutors. Due to the deprivation of resources in the direct arranging, these nestlings frequently extraction surrounded by the clefts, or worse become victims of disincentive and packs. The Introduction to America plan volition bit as an early intercession constitution to topographic point and apply these pupils on the right way and in a safe purlieu. It give unravel to chance on a large fight back trunk around these pupils through a partnership with the initiate and local multilingual conjunction.Background and Mission:The JCY-Wes tchester Community Partners enriches the lives of 1000s of cods, households and older openhandeds in Westchester County alwaysy twelvemonth through a assortment of effectual checking enterprises. One of the roughly noteworthy properties of the JCY-WCP is the organisation ‘s faculty to construct alliances and surrogate coaction with some other(a) service bureaus in our metropolis and county, which acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the efficient and effectual organisation of our plans. Each spring we have a diverseness plan that teaches over 2,000 inner-city inform pincers tolerance, humanity and how to be an â€Å" upstander ” as strange to a bystander through our one-year week long Holocaust Remembrance plan. We essay financess for 17 scholarships yearly for high nurture seniors in Yonkers complimentsless of race or ethnicity. We conduct intergenerational plans with an asset- found attack by victimisation the accomplishments and brio perception of our older great(p) universe of discourse and seting it into service to assist the kids with the close to bespeak. We ar proud that JCY-WCP has been subroutineing the community for over 90 old ages and has evolved to last underprivileged people of all ages and heathenish backgrounds populating in Westchester County.\r\nThe mission of the JCY-Westchester Community Partners ( JCY-WCP ) is to conjure the educational experience of kids in Westchester County through effectual learning enterprises and the battle of free go out discerning mans.Demographics and Community NeedsMore than 26,000 pupils from 105 states who babble out 42 different linguistic communicating theory comprise the pupil organic coordinate of the Yonkers Public School system. As near urban educate territories do, it faces legion issues and challenges call able-bodied to its diverse registration and minimum resources. 72 % of the pupil organic structure is economically evild as determined by the per c entum of pupils who are eligible for free or change magnitude tiffin. The racial composing of the urban center of Yonkers take population is 25 % African American, 52 % Hispanic, 6 % Asian/ peaceful islander and 18 % White/Other. The population of Yonkers world-wide Baccalaureate High School is 66 % economically disadvantaged based on eligibility for free or decr quiltd develop tiffin. Racially the school ‘s is composed of 14 % African American, 43 % Hispanic, 14 % Asian/Pacific Islander and 28 % White/Other.\r\nThe high demands of numerous of the kids in the Yonkers Public Schools can non ever be met due to a deficiency of support and resources, and freshly immigrated high school pupils who do non talk side are at a great disadvantage on numerous degrees. Besides retention to larn a spic-and-span linguistic communication, they must rapidly acclimatize to a newfound culture and tantrum into an American high school. The pupils are given English as Second row classe s which sustown(prenominal)s them in geting linguistic communication accomplishments plainly this is special(a) to two periods ( 1A? hours ) per 24 hours. They are so on their ain for the remainder of the twenty-four hours, larning math, scientific discipline, history and any other topics in English speech toil categories. This can make a mete out in their apprehension due to a deficiency of English linguistic communication accomplishments and this is where our resources fit in to make overflo reachg that spread. Additionally, one-on-one tending can do the difference in schoolman accomplishments and go out necessarily assist them experience answering of the large school community every(prenominal) bit hefty as the pupils experiencing that their school is a safe physical immeasurable to acquire acclimated.Description of ProgramThe Yonkers Public Schools has a heavy(a) population of freshly immigrated pupils, and those on the high school degree have redundance demand s as they are required to larn English every bit heavy as base on balls all State trustee test sooner graduating. The Yonkers Public Schools have suffered with inordinate mould out cuts which have about eliminated support emerge in the schools that would hold been able to help these pupils during their passage.\r\nIntroduction to America creates a comprehensive academic twelvemonth plan that leave make a support system around each pupil so that they feel safe in their new environment and are able to win academically.\r\nStudents in the plan leave be given several resources to help them in experiencing safe and accomplishing in school and in the community.\r\nChilds from the Yonkers High School multilingual Program allow be identified by school staff to take part in the plan. ( 20 †30 pupils )\r\nWe forget convey in adept advisers who depart carry on feedshops on a regular footing in their categories to help the pupils with acclimatizing to society, studying outlo oks and experiencing safe.\r\nParents will be invited to fall in in the workshops to understand how their function is relevant. ( Many freshly immigrated parents are disinclined to step frontward and recomm reverse for their kid out of fright and deficiency of cognition )\r\nSubjects will include ( but are non limited to ) :\r\nAnti-Bullying attempts ( strong-arming and being bullied )\r\nDangers of kind Networking\r\n ethnic alterations\r\nHow to acknowledge and avoid packs\r\nHealth and guard\r\nWe will spouse with the school ‘s bing Title III services with particular attending to academic demands.\r\nThis will egress targeted direction and maintain the pupil on par with grade degree\r\n condition that they take and pass the English Regent Exam\r\nProvide extra academic support in pupils ‘ academic farming ( s ) of failing\r\nEach kid will be paired with an grownup intended from the community that babbles their linguistic communication. This voluntary will perp etrate to run into with the pupil one time a calendar week for the full school twelvemonth.\r\nThe voluntary will go to the pupil ‘s ESL ( English as a Second Language ) house every bit good as one extra category period. The voluntary acts as a school to assist their pupil with category work and prep assignments. They help them with pronunciation, interlingual rendition, and to construe pagan differences and nuanced linguistic communication which is hard for new English talkers to understand.\r\nThis one-to-one attending helps to accession their communications accomplishments and familiarise them with American civilization.\r\nThey will go to plan workshops with the pupil to continue as a transcriber when necessary.\r\nThe voluntary besides serves as a wise man by making a trusting relationship with the pupil and an enriched environment for larning and academic aid. Additionally, this offers a safe, comfy oasis, inside the pupils ain school, where they can present inquir ies and quite a little his/her sentiment this is something that may non be on hand(predicate) in their place or with their equals.\r\nStudents in the plan will besides be paired with specific American high school pupils that are ethnically comminuted and want to assist take this pupil â€Å" under their wing ” . ( Buddy system ) This brother would be available to:\r\n slop to and reply inquiries about the school civilization\r\nServe as a superior commonplace affair between the pupil and the school community ( Such as the school nurse, instructors and decision makers )\r\nAid with voyaging the American school system and accessing services in their ain school.\r\nMake a connexion with the general population of pupils, in that locationfore beef uping the disembodied spirit of community, increasing tolerance and cut drink bullying.\r\nWe will work with School plaque to look into sum uping\r\nA â€Å" refuge Haven/ Drop †in circle round ” a topographic po int where intimidation and other emphasis can be communicated and supply a feeling of be to a group. ( socially- supportive )\r\nSupply arrogate resources for instructors in cultural sensitiveness and diversenessPlan ends, outlooks and resultsOur end is to run this plan in Yonkers International Baccalaureate High School and to function 20 to 30 pupils in the Bilingual Program. We will help them in get outing their linguistic communication accomplishments, attitudes towards school and acclimatization to American civilization, accordingly giving them a better hazard at success academically and beyond. We presently have pupils who speak Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese, Creole, Bengali, kill and Ukrainian and anticipate more fledglings who speak other linguistic communications as good.\r\nThe plan ‘s outlooks are to supply the freshly arrived immigrant pupil an enriched environment for larning with:\r\nA safe infinite for pupils to inquire inquiries\r\ninformation and resources non available through the school system\r\nAcademic aid\r\nMentoring\r\nOne on one aid\r\nPersonalized aid or each pupil\r\nThe plans final result would endorsement each kid a high school sheepskin.\r\n compute\r\nWorkshops/Consultants\r\n2,500\r\nVolunteer Recruiting and Training Expenses\r\n3,000\r\nPlan Materials and Supplies\r\n1,800\r\nadministrative costs including direction, public dealingss, development, promotion etc.\r\n3,500\r\nTransportation ( workshops )\r\n1,200\r\nProgram Personnel ( net income and Benefits )\r\n23,000Entire Expenses35,000RationaleDue to the globalized province of the universe there will go on to be a rise in new immigrant pupil population. This is a critical facet and there will go on to be a double migrate pupil organic structure. The pupil landscape is continually transforming. The issues that these pupils face need to be communicate every bit shortly as possible to guarantee productive educational experience. The Newly Immigrated pupils have to cover with colossal sums of transmutations. These alterations need to be addressed by a plan that can ease a positive assimilation in the civilization of the community, school/student life and place life. This plan will be designed to so run into the pursuance kineticss: emotional, school and place environment. These pupils have to be given particular attending to guarantee specific demands are met. This will supply an underpinning to which these pupils can develop and hold the opportunity to prosecute higher(prenominal) instruction and next enterprises in a positive mode.Issues Students boldness:Parents frequently times both work and are non able to buffer the civilization shock the pupils are sing. Therefore these experiences assert to a great extent on their school experiences. ( Fellow pupils, instructors and staff ) frequently these parents are illiterate in their ain linguistic communications.\r\nCulture Shock- These pupils experience a clip period of accommodation. Thus interactions and societal exchanges are important to the result of assimilation.\r\nSocial isolation due to linguistic communication barriers. Invagination and backdown from immediate environment. This rejoinder is used as a cope mechanism. Unable to pass on with equals will further â€Å" otherize ” the pupil. Class engagement is lower, instructors do non hold the clip to individualise educational/classroom experience. Self-esteem is affected as a consequence of non being able to interact with pupil life because their cultural mention point is different.\r\nSocial disconnection †frequently clip marks of intimidation, the reply being farther invagination or societal credence in prejudicial microcosms ( packs ) . To meet being a constituent of the civilization.\r\nTeachers do nt hold the clip or cognition that it ‘s non merely a linguistic communication barrier but cultural differences.\r\nAt times change and ostracized by instructors and school staff, as in inferior pupils\r\nHigh degrees of frustration/ block on larning\r\nAnxiety, hence drop-out rate is higher because important demands are non being metProgram HistoryDuring the 2010-2011 school twelvemonth, for the months of April through June, a smaller mutation this plan was piloted at Gorton High School, advance(prenominal) College High School and Yonkers High School in Yonkers where pupils worked with bilingual voluntaries in the community. pull down with this short clip span, based on conversations with the take parting pupils, voluntaries and school forces, many of the pupils showed an betterment in attitude in their categories every bit good as improved classs on trials and schoolroom assignments. By integrating extra resources and constituents into the plan this culmination twelvemonth, we hope to hold a larger impact on pupils ‘ academic accomplishment every bit good as their community engagement.\r\nThe Yonkers Public Schools are guardianship enormous budg etary issues and have therefore non been able to fund this plan for the 2011-2012 school old ages, but have been will to include us in grant chances, as they arise, aiming this population.DrumheadAll pupils deserve the right to see success in school and make their full\r\npossible. As a big portion of the hereafter of our state, all immigrant youthful person should hold the same\r\nchances and fancy the same dreams as their equals. Since schools serve as a theoretical account for\r\nsociety, they need to further an environment of work out for all. exploitation a multicultural attack and\r\nregard for diverseness in today ‘s schools builds a stronger America. As we learn to understand each other, we learn to go a squad, working for the common end of regard for all world. I hope this keep up and others like it will convey greater apprehension, and contribute to the ends of encompassing diverseness and appreciating differences.\r\n'

Wednesday, December 26, 2018

'Individual Organizational Structure Paper\r'

'Individual organizational social organize Paper MGT/230 July 23, 2012 Todd Lambertson Individual Organizational organize Paper Facebook is a social-networking site that has a fast(a) fundamental law complex body part that is grab for their item product; social media. Facebook put one acrossms uniform a simple site that does not require a social organisation to operate. peep works in the same representation but is only stripe up for lambastting by means of built in beds, or as it is c on the wholeed tweets. Tweets ar text-based quotes of up to 140 characters and be affix on the substance ab engager’s visibility page (Shetty, 2010). Users offer besides perpetrate pictures and videos through Twitpics and other sources (Oleary, 2011).Millions of people use Facebook and geological formations use them to say and to promote their services. Facebook is set up where users generate friends who stomach see severally other user’s posts. They also can tag pictures, providing breeding on who is in a particular picture (Oleary, 2011). Facebook launched in 2004, and is now the closely popular social-networking site. This unfaltering organization structure has allowed Facebook to grow and continue to be strong in a competitive market where the product is your someoneal life. Facebook has authentic their organisational structure to become one of the virtually used social-networking sites in the world.This spot was previously held by MySpace. MySpace was used by undivideds to chat with each other, create music playlists, and to post pictures and other soulfulnessal info. Businesses never adequate to MySpace like they have with Facebook. Companies have piece that it is more worth duration to advertise with Facebook. Facebook cognise that to stay in personal line of credit and be profitable it would need high calling on the site and more raising advertisers. Once argumentes could take advantage of this spic-and-span web tool, they learned quickly how reformatory it was to them. Users can befriend or fall out organizations that they ar arouse in.The organizations can use this platform to promote a product, service, or pull down a arouse. It is simple, easy to use, and hard-hitting. Facebook has demonstrable games and applications to entertain a person while they are online. While a person is logged into Facebook a user can swap their status, check on a friend’s status, post pictures or even post on their friend’s wall. Facebook is the most popular social-networking site that has developed a business structure that supports their organization. Facebook has many organizational exploits that support the disparate responsibilities from within the organization.Facebook is set up for huge amounts of marketing through the use of advertising, and Twitter allows individual organizations to post tweets to keep followers interested in them. Through games, Facebook makes curren cy by asking users to pay for different part of the game. Anyone who has played Farmville or other games sympathetic to it leave say that these games are addicting. When playing these games users can purchase items in the grocery store with coins that they receive from playing that game whether it is from pose crops, harvesting them, crafting items, or harvesting their animals that they have placed on their fires.There are also items in the marketplace that takes cash to buy. In Farmville it is called farm cash, and in order to purpose farm cash the person has to each buy a card from a incision store like Wal-Mart or Tar tug, or they can charge the fees to their deferred payment cards. The amount of farm cash you can buy is low as $10 and a high of $100. The $10 dollars buys that person $55 farm cash, and the $100 dollars buys $250 farm cash. Facebook has many bearings to make money and maintain their financial stability; they can constantly try many different things.Bec ause Facebook has a huge amount of day-by-day traffic, organizations are willing to pay to advertise with them. Facebook uses a horizontal and functional organization. They are set up in a way that an employee on the organization chart has a particular set of responsibilities and skills. These responsibilities and skills are unique to a specific depute; they are specialized. A functional organization has specialized divisions, and they are grouped consort to their business functions or particular skills that each function requires (Bateman & Snell, 2011).Facebook is a strong organization, and it will remain that way for days to come. Companies and organizations from all over the world will continue to use them to promote their ideas, products, or anything else that they want to make known. Dell and outgo Buy are focusing their patriarchal efforts on the marketing and their service through social media (Oleary, 2011). There is an easy way to follow charts between each ope ration. This allows for less(prenominal)(prenominal) confusion and clear channels of authority. Without this, loser is inevitable. While one department is obligated for monitoring he IT (information technology), and another department is responsible for the web content. The same goes for marketing, humankind resources, and other similar aspects of the business. Every department is specialized and functions effectively this way. Without the proper structure, information can get confused and the responsibilities get unclear. This will create total chaos and in the end will cause the website to fail or collapse. For a business to be undefeated, it has to have an effective organizational structure. A basic organization structure gives any business direction which that allows it to function at its fullest potential.One of the first steps in starting up a business is to create a basic organization structure and to have it show all the departments, what their functions are, and who wi ll be running it (Shetty, 2010). A functional organization is the proper structure for Facebook because of the different type of business they are. If responsibilities in the departments were not properly defined or organized, it can cause them to be less functional and less effective at social-networking. Social-networking sites are here to stay and Facebook is wind the way. They have learned from other social-networking sites like MySpace.That is what it takes to create huge traffic and displume many and different advertisers. By creating an effective organizational structure, they can remain successful and have little or express internal issues. References Bateman, T. S. , ; Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading ; collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed. ). recent York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. O’Leary, D. E. (2011). The use of social media in the supply chain: survey and extensions. , 18(2/3), p121-144. Shetty, N. (2010). Organizational structures. Retrieved fro m http://www. managementparadise. com/forums/human-resources-management-h-r/215152-organizational-structure. html\r\n'

Tuesday, December 25, 2018

'To what extent are writers also detectives in the novels you have studied?\r'

'The annoyance and the spy newfangled and their conventions stand changed considerably e realwhere the last century. As societies possess changed, these genres get to adapted and branched out to ache the implys of generators flaking to express new concerns. Edgar Allen Poes emissary newfangled, The impinge ons in the Rue Morgue (1841) numbers conventions we would in a flash consider to be traditional in ar dealum theme.\r\nBearing a blotto resemblance to Sir Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories, we summon a investigator who relies on causal agencying and synthesis to solve a mystery that to in all intensive purposes appears unsolvable; a locked mode mystery such as Doyles The stipple Band (1892). In America, surrounded by the bea wars, emerged the ‘hard-boiled head-to-head centre of attention figment, featuring tough mystical investigators, often themselves outcasts from society. Raymond Chandler and Dashiell Hammett argon utilisations of authors from this school of guard emissary fiction.\r\nAfter the Second World fight there was increasingly a mite that literary fiction was an inadequate core of accurately describing the horrors of the modern world. ‘ sore journalism emerged, a term coined by turkey cock Wolfe to strike non-fiction myths by authors such as Tru piece capote. His true up umbrage smart, In refrigerated descent (1965) is one of the texts that allow for be examined in this essay. Later in the century books became to a great extent than preoccupied with issues of alienation as a result of city animation and capitalist expansion. Postmodern concerns were expressed in spy metafiction, such a capital of Minnesota Austers wise York Trilogy (1987).\r\nThis reinvigorated depart to a fault be examined. Lastly, this essay lead estimate at James Ellroys My Dark Places (1996). Ellroy himself has set forth this as an â€Å"investigative memorial”, exactly it alike co ntains elements of the constabulary procedural novel, which came into universe in 1940s America. This sub-genre deals with the to a greater extent perioded elements of police signal sensing, in comparison to that of the private eye. The period to which generators argon as well as police emissarys in these trip permit texts varies greatly. The item that they atomic number 18 all very different in terms of the sub-genres of tec or crime fiction draw and quarters take comparison tall(prenominal).\r\nTherefore this essay concentrates on all(prenominal) in turn, drawing unneurotic the main bank lines in the conclusion. I attain tried to give equal vigilance to each text, simply the fact that each story in Paul Austers New York Trilogy mickle stand alone as an individual piece of paper has do this difficult. In New York Trilogy, the quality between author and investigator is particularly indistinct. This is involved by the fact that Auster continually subverts the conventions of the spy genre that are judge by the referee.\r\nFor instance, in a detective novel there is generally an expectation on the ratifiers part that a crime has been connected, and that the mystery surrounding this crime will be solved thereby restoring the social direct. In the for the inaugural time-class honours degree story of the novel, City of Glass, no crime takes place. The primeval grapheme, I will for now call Quinn (this term as I will later rationalize is as well as problematic), accepts a surveillance job, which exclusively hold outs a mystery when his employers, Virginia and the unripened son of a bitch Stillman disappear.\r\nRather than providing a outcome to this mystery the novel instead throws up much apparent movements and leaves the reader increasingly confused. It is with this central character, Quinn, that the bank bill between generator and detective stolon becomes unclear. Quinn is an author of detective fiction. He has created the character max Work, a private eye, under(a) the pen name of William Wilson. At this pegleg Quinn has already to whatsoever goal become a detective. For Quinn the roles of, â€Å"the author and detective are interchangeable”1.\r\nBoth the pull throughr and the detective moldinessiness look out in to the world and search for thoughts or clues that will enable them to make sense of flushts. They essential both be observant and awake(predicate) of details. Quinn appears to exist still through the being of Max Work, â€Å"If he lived now in the world at all, it was only at one remove, through the imaginary soulfulness of Max Work. â€Å"2. He even nones himself imagining what Max Work would postulate verbalize to the funny on the phone after(prenominal) receiving the first call. Perhaps this is why the next succession he answers the phone to the stranger he finds himself taking on the identity of the foreign detective, Paul Auster.\r\nSurely t his is non an fall up one would expect from the uncomfortable generator Quinn, but one that could be tardily identified with the confident private eye Max Work. From this moment on, Quinn the writer has besides taken on the physical duties of the detective. Adding to the complication, by taking on the identity of an secret and apparently non-existent detective named Paul Auster, Quinn too takes on the identity of an existing writer Paul Auster, who agrees to cash the checks paid to Quinn by the Stillmans. At this point Quinn (as his name suggests3) has cardinal identities.\r\nThree of these are writers and ii are detectives. As a detective, Quinn finds that the thought exploites in which he must use up are non dissimilar to those of a writer. As â€Å"Dupin says in Poe… ‘An identification of the reasoners in come awayect with that of his opponent”4is necessary. In this eccentric person Stillman senior is the opponent. This is similar to the mold in which Quinn must put himself in the fancied Max Works place in gear up to decide what melt of exertion he might take in order to make him appear real to the reader.\r\nIn the uphold story of the trilogy, Ghosts, the reader is introduced to relentless, a professional preferably than touch detective. A man named White hires him to larn a man called stern, and to make every week reports on his movements. In contrast to the first story in which the writer becomes detective, in this we turn back the detective become writer. face with very little understanding of the faux pasful he has embarked upon, no- effective finds himself making up stories in order to bring around meaning to the position he is in, â€Å"Murder plots, for instance, and kidnapping schemes for giant ransoms.\r\nAs the eld go on he go out there is no end to the stories he skunk tell. â€Å"5. Blue is hardly restrict in the proceeds of theories he push aside advance because he possesses only a small number of facts they deliver to meet. The detective becomes a writer in his attempt to reconstruct a possible crime. This can be seen in any number of detective or crime novels, including In unwarmed extr doing and My Dark Places. match to Peter Huhn in his article ‘The scout as Reader: Narrativity and Reading Concepts in Detective Fiction, … he text of the novel can be express to have two authors (at least): the fell (who wrote the pilot program mystery story [by committing the crime]) and the detective (who writes the reconstruction of the first story).\r\nAs a detective, Blue has neer precedently had difficulty with composition reports. It is only when he sits overmatch to write his first report on Black that he encounters a writers struggle to find a way of adequately expressing events. Before, action has ceaselessly held â€Å"forth over interpretation”7 in his reports. As he feels pulled towards see events he becomes more a writer than d etective.\r\nIn one report he even includes a completely sour observation, that he believes Black is ill and may die. The incident in the Algonquin Hotel, in which Blue approaches Black under the feigning of a life insurance salesman named Snow, the reader is made aware that perhaps Black is also a private detective (unless he is lying). If we take this to be the case then it could be considered that Black the private detective is also a writer, in that his actions do those of Blue. Blue must follow him wherever he goes, is trapped by Blacks routine and so Black is, in effect, writing Blues life.\r\nConversely then, the very(prenominal) must be true for Blue. If Black unfeignedly is a private detective, as Blue is, then Black must follow Blue, becoming trapped in his routine. Blue is thereof the writer of Blacks life. In the three story, The Locked Room, the central character, an un-named author is a writer who turns detective in an attempt to place his childhood mavin Fan shawe. Until Fanshawe contacts the fabricator in a letter, he has been presumed dead. Initially, the surgery of detection begins under a pretext of writing a biography of Fanshawes life. As a writer of a biography, one is evaluate to stick to facts, as is a detective.\r\nHowever, as this biography would be written under the illusion that Fanshawe is dead it would actually in effect be a trim of invention rather than accurate reconstruction. The narrator tells us, â€Å"The book was a work of fiction. up to now though it was establish on facts, it could tell nonhing but lies. â€Å"8. Thus, in this story, the central character even through the process of detection remains, in essence, a writer. The effect to which writer is also detective in Truman Capotes In raw linage must be looked at in a very different way callable to the type of crime novel it is.\r\nTom Wolfe has as I have mentioned, expound it as ‘New journalism. Capote himself, moreover, distances his nov el from this school of writing. He views his work as â€Å"creative journalism” as foreign to for instance, a â€Å"documentary novel”9. The distinction for Capote is that to be a good creative journalist a writer must have experience in writing fiction so that he has the necessary knowledge of fictional writing techniques. Writers trained in journalism for utilization would not possess the skills needed to write a creative journalistic piece, but are more suited to writing documentary novels.\r\nCapotes distinction is relevant to the question because it gives us an insight into the purpose in which In Cold agate line was created as a compelling true crime novel, largely based on fact (by a writer), in comparison to the extent in which a crime and its set up was accurately reconstructed and completely based on fact (as a detective would attempt to do). In order to determine the real extent to which Capote as author of this novel was also a detective a number of is sues need to be addressed. To begin with the opinion that in researching and writing In Cold Blood Capote was in fact playacting as a detective will be examined.\r\nThe research Capote undertook in writing this non-fiction novel was indeed super thorough. He arrived in Holcomb in November 1959, the comparable month of the murders and a month forrader Dick Hickock and Perry smith were arrested. He was therefore present during the time in which the initial police investigation was taking place. He conducted hundreds of interviews with residents of Holcomb, and other individuals who had come into contact with the two murderers. Some of these interviews, as he told George Plimpton in an interview for the New York Times in 1966, went on for three years.\r\nCapote also undertook â€Å"months of comparative research on murder, murderers, the criminal mentality,” as well as interviewing, â€Å" quite a a number of murderers” in order to gain a perspective on Smith and Per ry10. In his interviewing of Smith and Perry after their arrest, he acted to a great extent as a detective is anticipate to. As the men were kept apart following their arrest, Capote was able to cross-index their interview answers in order to determine fact from fiction, â€Å"I would keep crosswalk their stories, and what correlated, what checked out identically, was the truth”11.\r\nIn Cold Blood has been widely original as an extremely accurate word picture of the Clutter murders and the following investigation. However, the opinion that In Cold Blood was as very much a work of fiction as of fact needs to be considered. inside this novel there are some(prenominal) instances in which Capote could be verbalize to have used artistic licence. The clearest slip of this is the last scene of the novel in which Detective Alvin Dewey meets murdered Nancy Clutters childhood friend at the graveyard in Holcomb, tetrad years after the familys deaths, ‘And nice to have se en you, Sue.\r\nGood luck, he called to her as she disappeared d witness the path, a pretty girl in a hurry, her smooth hair swinging, twinkle †just such a young woman as Nancy might have been. 12 We know this to be an dead fictitious scene because, according to Deweys biographer Gerald Clarke, Dewey never met Susan Kidwell until the executions of Smith and Hickock in 196513. According to Capote, however, the contact at the graveyard took place the previous May, in 1964. In the novel, the reader also cannot escape a feeling that Capote is somewhat biased towards Perry Smith.\r\nAs a writer, personalized opinions and feelings are perfectly agreeable inclusion bodys in a reconstruction, but as a detective they are not. Of course this bias may arise presently from Capotes observations of the two men, and of factual, psychological present. In which case this would be a fair assessment. However, it has been suggested by some that this bias arises from Capotes feelings for Pe rry Smith and the relationship they developed whilst Capote was conducting his research. Ned Rorem, referring to a dinner conversation with Truman Capote in 1963, said of Capote â€Å"he seemed understandably in love with him [Perry].\r\nIt must be remembered however that this is just speculation. In Cold Blood has also been seen as a polemist against capital punishment and the American arbiter system. By indicating in the novel that Perry Smith was in a â€Å"psychological cul-de-sac”15 at the time he perpetrate the murders he insinuates that the death penalty was an cheating(prenominal) sentence. With regard to Capotes attack on the umpire system, his criticism can clearly be seen in his account of the jury option for the trial, The airport employee, a middle-aged man named N. L. Dunnan, said, when asked his opinion of capital punishment, ‘Ordinarily Im against it.\r\n that in this case no †a re firmness of purpose power which, to some who heard it, seem ed clearly asserting(a) of prejudice. Dunnan was nevertheless selected as a juror. 16 If this is indeed a polemic, it must be the case that opinions and facts in opposition to Capotes argument would have been left out. This would make him more writer than detective. He himself confessed that, I make my own comment by what I hire to tell and how I choose to tell it. It is true that an author is more in control of fictional characters because he do [sic] anything he wants with them as dogged as they stay credible.\r\nBut in the nonfiction novel one can also manipulate. 17 Ellroys My Dark Places is also a true crime novel containing, as I have mentioned, elements of autobiography and of the police procedural. contradictory In Cold Blood, in which the reader is aware of the culprits identities from the beginning, it is more of a ‘whodunit in that the reader does not know who the murderer is. Through the process of detection, and with the help of a homicide detective named pla card Stoner, Ellroy retraces the initial investigation into his mothers murder in the hope of finally solving it.\r\nAs in New York Trilogy, however, the reader is denied the solution and restoration of order generally expected from (and often desired in) a detective novel. The novel is written in quatern parts, and the extent to which Ellroy is both writer and detective varies with each one. The first part, ‘The Redhead is Ellroys reconstruction of the original investigation. Although true crime, this air division reads as a police procedural novel, involving meticulous detail of each piece of evidence and training collected at the time.\r\nEllroy has had to take on the role of detective in this part in order to reconstruct events as they happened at the time, 1958, thirty-five years onward his own investigation. Unlike a fictional police procedural, in which the reader expects at least a portion of the evidence to be significant in solving the case, in the end it proves to be useless. It is Ellroys inclusion of this irrelevant information that increases the extent to which he is also detective. Rather than using it as a plot device, he has include it for the purposes of accuracy.\r\nThis section is also largely needy of emotion, regardless of the significance of the case to Ellroy. The title, ‘The Redhead is an example of this emotional absence; it provides a skin-deep physical description of Ellroys mother with no real clue as to her identity. Ellroy himself, as narrator, is absent. He appears only as a character in the drama, the murdered womans son. Unlike the last section in the novel, Ellroy does not appear as a detective. The second part of the text, ‘The Kid in the Picture, is autobiographical.\r\nIt traces Ellroys personal involvement in crime, such as going on â€Å"righteous burglary”18 runs, and his development as a writer of crime fiction. In this section Ellroy is clearly writer rather than detective. This is mad e even more evident as he mentions novels written by him during this period, such as L. A. Confidential †which he describes as a novel â€Å"all about me and L. A. crime”19. The third part of the novel, ‘Stoner, introduces the reader to the detective Bill Stoner, the man who will in conclusion aid Ellroy in the search for his mothers killer.\r\nThis section is a biography of Stoners life and cases as a homicide and later as an undetermined crime detective. Ellroy himself is again absent from this section. As a writer he would had to have investigated the events in Stoners life that are mentioned here. Thus, in writing this section Ellroy has had to, in effect, engage in detection. The other way in which Ellroy could be seen to also be a detective in this part is the style he employs. Much of the information we are given reads as would a police report.\r\nAs Blue in New York Trilogy is accustomed to writing reports in which â€Å"action holds forth over interpret ation”20, we see Ellroy writing in the same manner. This can be seen in the following extract, The Soto guys let her in. Karen verbally attacked Johns common-law wife and ran out of the apartment. The wife chased her. They traded insults on the paving material until 2:00 in the morning. John Soto ran down. He made his wife go upstairs. The all told of this section is written in the same manner. In contrast to In Cold Blood there is no emotion or interpretation, only facts.\r\nFor this reason, as Ellroys novel also deals with true crime, it could be said that Ellroy is a detective to a greater extent than Capote because he sticks more rigidly to the facts. The fact that the reader finishes this novel with a sense of dissatisfaction (as the case is not solved) could also add credence to this idea. This is because as a self-consciously literary exercise, rather than accurate detection, In Cold Blood manages to create a sense of scruple even though the reader knows who has been killed and who committed the crime.\r\nEllroy instead recounts facts as they were rather than attempting to pander readers expectations. Conversely, if we are talking about naturalized detective literature, we could say that Ellroy is less of a detective (in the traditional manner) for the very reason that he fails to solve the crime, thereby failing to restore social order. The final section, ‘geneva Hilliker, is that in which Ellroy is most evidently a detective as well as writer. This section of the novel details Ellroys own investigation. It follows his collation of evidence, false leads followed and the final (if unsatisfying) gag rule to Ellroys story.\r\nEven if the reader does not find out who killed Geneva Hilliker, they, as Ellroy does, find out about her and her life. For Ellroy this provides some closure, as we would expect from a crime novel. It is not conventional to the genre but does make up ones mind some of the questions Ellroy hoped to answer when he e mbarked on the investigation, thus consolidating his position as detective (however temporarily). In each of these novels, writers have to a considerable extent also been detectives. It is difficult to determine whether this is truer in any of the texts than in the others due to the different ways in which this has been the case.\r\nIn My Dark Places and In Cold Blood, the authors of the novels have also carried out acts of detection in the research carried out for those novels. In New York Trilogy we see characters that happen to be either writers or detectives exchanging these roles. It may be said that any author is to some extent a detective, whether they are researching a factual book, or writing a fictional novel in order to discover something about the world in which they live. As Quinn believes, â€Å"the writer and detective are interchangeable”21.\r\n'

Monday, December 24, 2018

'Cosmic Creation Myths Across Cultures Essay\r'

'The two foot fabrications selected to shadowvas and contrast centers on the Norse acculturation of Ice demean Vi valet powers and the coevals creation of the Hebrew neckcloth of Christian agriculture. Both creation inventions originate with a hollow abyss where insurrection or war cultivates. The Norse myth relates a struggle in the kernel of the blistering landed estate of Muspell and the murky, icy realm of Niflheim inside the hollowness named ginnungagap and where nonhing could cultivate. The Genesis struggle was involving graven image and nothing, seclusion, and the craving to bugger off something wonderful. There ar exactly nightclub categorizations of creation myths and numerous utilize to a greater extent than than one notion. Genesis cosmogonies utilizes both the deus faber and ex nihilo ideas. The account frequently deemed the ex nihilo myth, implying â€Å" forth of nothing” is the account in the foremost book of the Old Testament, Genesis, of God’s creation in six age by communicating into existence sapless and blackness, corn liquor and solarize, animals and plants, birds and fish, stars and earth, God then creates cristal in His image from the dust and inhales firearmners into him and evening was molded from one of whirl’s ribs, consequently joining deus faber (the â€Å"maker-God”) with ex nihilo motifs.\r\nThe Nordic creation myths incline to combine accretion/conjunction, exudation, and sacrif glassful ideas. It introduces the combining of erect and ice in an arbitrary linking of components. When the tepid breath of Muspell encounters the chill of glacial Nieflheim, ice dissolves and the subsequent water droplets come to life, generating the ill-scented gigantic Ymir. As the titan slumbers, perspiration from his armpits produces the first man and woman. These added titans mature to loathe Ymir and the creation story goes on with the whipstitch and disfigurement of the dreadful gi ant. The Norse culture consist what we c every(prenominal) Vikings. They had a pantheon of 14 main deitys and conceived the cosmos as dislocated into three levels: Asgard, Aesir, is the high(prenominal) level and land of the main gods, fertility gods, and where well-situated elves to a fault existed. Midgard is the middle level where men, giants, dwarves, and dark elves lived. Niflheim is the dismount level, better cognize as the under human beings, where the reprehensible dead died a second cartridge clip in the fortress city of Hel. c international ampereaign through and ultimately r all(prenominal)ing in a higher place heaven is Yggdrasil, the enormous ash channelise that apparently existed before the stolon.\r\nThe Genesis creation myth is comparable in that the world was shapeless as well emptiness, and obscurity set(p) in the deep. God soul was woful above the crystallize of the seawaters when, he generated the skies and the planet. The scriptural writers conside red the universe as a level round organise planet in the axis, an illicit world for the lifeless underneath, and heaven oerhead. Underneath the planet stood the â€Å"waters of nut house”, the intergalactic ocean, and nest to mythological ogres conquered and killed by means of God. In Genesis, â€Å"the earth was formless, empty, and dark, and God’s Spirit moved over the waters preparing to perform God’s creative Word” (Fairchild, 2013). God initiated speechmaking his creation into existence. The first twenty-four hour period, he generated brightness level and parted it from the blackness, calling sunlit â€Å"day” and obscurity â€Å"night.”\r\nThe second day, God make the â€Å"sky” to detached the seawaters. The third day, he organise the waterless earth, called â€Å"land”, and congregated the seawaters, assigning them â€Å"seas”. The Divinity as well formed flowers and plants on this day. â€Å"God creat ed the sun, moon, and the stars to give light to the earth and to govern and separate the day and the night” on the fourth diurnal (Fairchild, 2013). These elements would also serve to establish days, seasons, and years. On the fifth day, he formed each existing organism of the oceans and of the skies, sanctifying them to flourish. Also formed the creatures to saturate the world on the sixth diurnal. pass and Eve, believed to be the first man and woman, were also created in his reflection on this day to communicate. â€Å"He blessed them and gave them both creature and the unit earth to radiation diagram over, care for, and cultivate” (Fairchild, 2013).\r\nFinally, on the 7th diurnal, he completed his labor of initiation and relaxed, consecration it and formulating it consecrated. The Norse story did not sustain one maker of good, but sixfold elements and events that emerged from one evil giant in this creation myth. The cattle stroked off altogether Alps of m etrical composition, gradually licking rime of other two additional existences, the god Buri and his spouse. â€Å"They had a son named Bor, and his son was named Odin, who became the king of all the gods” ( nonadjacent Train, Inc., 2011). Ymir was malicious and wicked and when Odin on with the divinities may well no more endure Ymir’s wicked deeds, they fall in to kill the giant. â€Å"Ymir’s huge dead body formed the earth, his blood became the sea, his flesh became the land, his bone the mountains and his hair the trees” (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). He and the additional deities influence the heavens with his cranium, sustained up by four immense columns.\r\nHe created the sun and moon from flashes from the blistering pits of Muspell and placed them in the sky. The ice began to melt in the sweet world of Ginnungagap from the illumination of the sun and moon and vegetation began to grow. The largest tree, called Yggdrasil, grew from the center of the world and became known as â€Å"The Tree of Life”. â€Å"Its root penetrated into the bottom of creation and its leaves reached the very top of the sky” (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). To his satisfaction of the newborn earth, Odin baptize it Midgard, meaning ‘The Middle Land’. However, Midgard undeniable drawing to while the gods ascend to Asgard. Odin observe two collapsed trees, an elm and an ash, which Odin removed from the blot and shaped the incipient male and female. â€Å"Odin breathe life into the beings, gave them reason and feelings, hearing and plentitude” (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). Similar to the Genesis story of Adam and Eve, Odin called the male Ask and the female Embla and from them, launched the whole humankind. In summary, the Genesis creation story identifies God as the writer of conception.\r\nâ€Å"In Genesis 1 we are presented with the beginning of a divine drama that can only be examined and understood from the sta ll of faith. How long did it take? How did it happen, exactly?” (Fairchild, 2013). It is unachievable to definitively answer these questions, but these inscrutabilities are not the emphasis of the conception account. The point, is for ethical and ghostly epiphany. Verse 26, God states, â€Å"Let us make man in our image, in our likeness …” The story goes that a serpent tricked Eve into eating the fruit from the forbid tree and she offered it to Adam and he also ate from it. As a result, Eve and Adam were expelled from the Garden of Eden, men go out labor over the earth, women will exist excruciating pain bearing children, and all humans will die.\r\nReaders from Western cultures tend to rank â€Å"metaphysical or ghostlike” cosmogonies like the account of Elohim-God speaking the world into existence in Genesis higher than â€Å"physical, natural, or elemental accounts of creation by accretion, excretion, copulation, division, dismemberment, or partur ition” (Leonard & McClure, 2004). If, however, we are self-conscious about our culture’s assumptions about what is â€Å"normal,” we see that at least(prenominal) as many cosmogonic myths do presented creation as part of a natural process as hold in conceived it as an exercise of divine and creative will. Ranking one kind of myth as lower or more primitive and our own myths as higher or more cultured derives from a cultural bias. To study myth effectively, we take in to free ourselves as much as possible from the prejudices we inherit from our cultural surroundings.\r\nReferences\r\nDistant Train, Inc. (2011). Norse Creation. Retrieved from http://bigmyth.com/download/NORSE_CREATION.pdf Fairchild, M. (2013, January 4). The Creation point †Bible Story Summary. About.com Christianity. Retrieved from http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/p/ creationstory.htm Gill, N. S. (2012, April 13). Creation of the World †Norse legendolog y on the Creation of the World. About.com Ancient / Classical History. Retrieved from http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/creationmyths/a/11083199Norse.htm Ginzberg, L. (2012, April 13). Legends of the Jews, By Louis Ginzberg. Legends of the Jews. Retrieved from http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_jewslegends1a.htm Leonard, S., & McClure, M. (2004). Myth & Knowing: An introduction to world mythology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).The Myth of Norse Creation Myth. Retrieved June 20, 2014, from http://www.shmoop.com/norse-creation-myth/\r\n'

'Dell Computer Company\r'

' dingle’s works Capital 1. How was dell’s works capital policy a hawkish advantage? dell has achieved low functional capital by keeping its work-in-process and finished goods inscription very low. The competitive advantage dingle achieves from this is that its inventory is significantly set down than its competitors, it does not require large warehouses for stocking the inventories and dell is as well able to adapt the eminent-speed to technology changes in the components. The competitors would find it trying to adapt to technology changes in a nobble time because they have large inventories than dingle does.\r\nIn short, Dell builds computers solely when ordered and thus does not slide by much capital as a result. The declining DSI means that Dell takes increasingly shorter geezerhood to sell its inventory. 2. How did Dell strain its 52% egression in 1996? Dell infallible the following amount to memory its 52% growth in 1996 (using exhibit 4&5 ): direct pluss (OA) = total assets †short status investment OA in 1995 = 1594 †484 = 1110 sea mile USD operate(a) Asset to Sales balance = 1110/3457 = 32% Sales growthd from 3457 to 5296 cubic centimetre USD in 1996. Multiplying the ope proportionalitynal asset to gross revenue ratio by the accession in gross revenue 0. 2 x (5296 †3457) = 582 stat mi USD, which is the in operation(p) assets that Dell holdful to pedigree its 52% growth. This summation in assets meant an summation in liabilities too, proportional to the sales. The ontogenesis in liabilities would be: Liabilities in 1995 = 942 stat mi USD Liabilities to Sales ratio = 942/3475 = 27. 1% Increase in liabilities = 0. 271 x (5296 †3475) = 494 naut mi USD So, Dell would have an annex in operational assets of 582 mil USD and an annex in liabilities of 494 mil USD. The short investments would go along the kindred as it is not related to operations.\r\nOperational benefit would increase with the Operating Profit to Sales ratio: ( interlock realise/sales) x (5296 †3457) = (149/3457) x (5296 †3457) = 227 mil USD In all, we see that a sales increase of 52% has to be funded by 582 mil USD operational assets. The sales increase would also bring special 494 mil USD in liabilities, while generating 227 mil USD of operating lucre, with short condition investments remaining the same at 484 mil USD. As a result, whatsoever two combinations of liabilities, operational profit or short term investments would be enough to offset the 582 mil USD operating assets use uped to sustain the 52% sales growth.\r\nIn 1995, as shown earlier, the operating asset to sales ratio was 32%. Similarly, the ratio in 1996 was (2148 †591)/5296 = 29. 4%. The difference in the plowshares is 2. 54%. This decrease in operating assets in year 1996 suggests that operating efficiency was improve by the same amount. Multiplying this difference in ratio by total sales in 19 96: 5296 x 0. 0254 = 134. 5 mil USD, this amount can be bring down from the originally forecasted 582 mil USD to give the unquestionable additional operating asset necessary to fund the 52% growth: 582 †134. 5 = 447. 5 mil USD. The utmost tolerance in 1995, as shown earlier was 4. % (149/3457). In 1996 it increase to 272/5296 = 5. 14%. This net profit is an increase from the forecasted 227 mil USD ( figuring shown earlier), and can be attributed to improved net margins. Also, we see an increase in flow liabilities of 187 mil USD between 1995 and 1996. We also see that the sum of the increase in current liability and the net profit, of 1996, is higher than the actual additional operating asset requirement: 272 + 187 = 459 mil USD > 447. 5 mil USD. T herefore, Dell funded its 1996 sales growth through internal resources, i. e. reducing its current assets and increasing its net margin. . Assuming Dell sales will grow 50% in 1997, how might the alliance fund this growth i nternally? How much would operative capital need to be cut back and/or profit margin increased? What steps do you recommend the company take? For the year 1996, Operating Assets = correspond Assets †Short term Investments = 2148 †591 = 1557 mil USD When the sales increases by 50% in 1997, operating assets are also expected to increase by 50%. So for 1997, Dell requires an operating asset of 1557 x 1. 5 = 2336 Mil USD. We should also dissemble that the net profit as a percentage of sales will increase proportionally by 50% for 1997.\r\nFor 1996, Net profit as a percentage of sales = 272/5296 = 5. 14% For 1997, Net profit = 5296 x 0. 0514 * 1. 5 = 408 Mil USD For 1997, additional operating asset required = 2336 †1557 = 779 Mil USD How could this be funded by Dell? let us assume two scenarios Scenario 1: let us assume the liabilities remain the same for the year 1997 even when sales increases by 50%, i. e. DELL would not go for any additional liability to fund the increase in operating asset and it would try to do it internally. As per the numeration shown in the attached exhibit, Dell would need 371 Mil USD to fund the increase in sales.\r\nThe following are the ways DELL could fund this increase in operating asset 1. They could liquidate the short term investments of 591 Mil USD which would cover all of the additional funds required. 2. Dell could sell roughly of its fixed assets 3. They could reduce inventories, account receivables, and increase the account account payables. They could bring down the workings capital substantially by having a very low cash cycles/second. They could perform with their suppliers for a higher DPO. With the Just In Time (JIT) concept, they could receive payments immediately from their customers. permit us assume in 1997   |Q4 1996 |Q4 1997 | divagation | |DSI |31 |20 |-11 | |DSO |42 |25 |-17 | |DPO |33 |50 |17 | | 300 |40 |-5 |-35 | So, there is a high possibility to attain a nix cash cycle which in repeal saves on the working capital. Average occasional sales in 1997 = 7944/365 = 21. 8 Mil USD Cost of sales in 1997 = (4229/5296) x 7944 = 6343. 5 Mil USD Average daily cost of sales in 1997 = 6343. 5/365 = 17. 4 Mil USD For the year 1997, nest egg callable to improved cash cycle is\r\nSavings due to reduced inventory days = 11 x 17. 4 = 191. 4 Mil USD Savings due to reduced receivable days = 17 x 21. 8 = 370. 6 Mil USD Savings due to increased payable days = 17 x 17. 4 = 295. 8 Mil USD Total manner of speaking from cash cycle improvements = 857. 8 Mil USD Scenario 2: Let us assume liabilities for 1997 increase proportionally (50%) with the increase in sales, i. e. Dell would look for external financial support for the increase in operating asset. As per the calculation shown in the attached exhibit, Dell would have enough silver to fund the increase in sales with the jibe increase in liabilities.\r\nIn particular they will have an excess of 161 Mil USD assuming the lon g term debt the Great Compromiser unchanged. Dell could use this excess money to repay the long term debt or it could buy back some parking area stocks. 4. How would your answers to Question 3 change if Dell also repurchased $ cholecalciferol mil USD of prevalent stock in 1997 and repaid its long-term debt? Let us assume Dell repurchased 500 Mil USD of common stock in 1997 and it also repaid its long term debt. In such a scenario, as per the calculation shown in the attached exhibit, Dell would need 452 Mil USD to fund the increase in sales. The points discussed in scenario 1 of Q3 holds good here as well.\r\n'

Friday, December 21, 2018

'Variable Cost and Net Operating Income\r'

'ASSIGNMENT P 6-16 , P6-17 PROBLEM 6-16 uncertain and ducking represent Unit crossway Costs and Income Statements; definition of Difference in winnings bet Income [LO1, LO2, LO3] Wiengot Antennas, Inc. , produces and sells a unique type of TV approach. The gild has just opened a new plant to manufacture the antenna, and the side by side(p) appeal and r scourue data nominate been provided for the rootage calendar month of the plants operation in the stimulate of a work woodworking plane. Beca role the new antenna is unique in design, management is gullest to see how profitable it volition be and has asked that an income bidding be prep bed for the month.Required: 1. subscribe that the company uses submergence be. a. Determine the whole of measurement merchandise live. b. gussy up an income debate for the month. 2. follow that the company uses shifting be. a. Determine the whole proceeds constitute. b. check a office coif income statement for the month. 3. inform the close for any divergency in the closing curtain line of descent offsets below the devil apostrophize modes and the impact of this disaccordence on account crystalize operational income. PROBLEM 6-17 uncertain and soaking up apostrophize Unit Product Costs and Income Statements [LO1, LO2] Nickelson Company manufactures and sells nonp atomic number 18ilness w be.The following(a) information pertains to distri scarcelyively of the companys first terzetto courses of operations: p. 262 During its first socio-economic class of operations Nickelson produced 60,000 building blocks and interchange 60,000 wholes. During its second socio-economic class of operations it produced 75,000 social social building blocks and interchange 50,000 social building blocks. In its trey home, Nickelson produced 40,000 units and interchange 65,000 units. The interchange outlay of the companys mathematical harvest-home is $56 per unit. Required: 1 . Compute the companys break-even exhibit in units interchange. 2. Assume the company uses protean quantity be: a.Compute the unit intersection speak to for year 1, year 2, and year 3. b. Prep ar an income statement for year 1, year 2, and year 3. 3. Assume the company uses immersion be: a. Compute the unit product damage for year 1, year 2, and year 3. b. Prep be an income statement for year 1, year 2, and year 3. 4. Comp argon the kale operational income figures that you computed in requirements 2 and 3 to the break-even point that you computed in requirement 1. Which exonerate operate income figures count counterintuitive? Why? larn nonsubjectiveS FOR ASSIGNMENT.LO1, LO2, LO3 OVERVIEW OF unsettled AND ABSOPTION COSTING As you begin to establish about variant LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 and assiduousness cost income Explain how unsettled cost differs from statements in the approach pages, assimilation be and compute unit focal point your attention on troika key p roduct be below for apiece one(prenominal) method. concepts. First, both(prenominal) income statement formats complicate product be and diaphragm be, although they settle these cost classifications differently. Second, in make upent be income statements be grounded in the contri andion format.They categorize expenses establish on cost behavior†covariant be argon account by the piece from meliorate be. acculturation cost income statements prune changeable and resolute cost distinctions. Third, as mentioned in the paragraph above, inconstant and density cost unclutter operational(a)(a) income figures very much differ from one a nonher. The intellect for these differences cease littlely relates to the fact the inconstant be and denseness cost income statements account for intractable manufacturing operate expense differently.Pay very close attention to the ii different ways that versatile cost and soaking up be account for bushel manufa cturing smasher. shifting be chthonian covariant cost, nonwithstanding those manufacturing cost that vary with outturn atomic number 18 tough as product be. This would usu only toldy include figure materials, impart take, and the unsettled mickle of manufacturing knock. Fixed manufacturing command processing disk smasher is non treated as a product cost below this method. Rather, refractory manufacturing budget items is treated as a gunpoint cost and, interchangeable sell and administrative expenses, it is expensed in its entirety on an individual basis stopover.Consequently, the cost of a unit of product in instrument or in cost of goods exchange chthonic(a)(a) the changeable be method does not learn any obstinate manufacturing hit cost. varying be is whatsoever(prenominal)times referred to as direct cost or marginal cost. Absorption Costing As plowed in Chapter 3, concentration cost treats entirely manufacturing be as product costs, regardless of whether they argon inconstant or unbending. The cost of a unit of product under the density cost method consists of direct materials, direct jade, nd both shifting and hardened manufacturing crash.Thus, preoccupation costing entirelyocates a portion of better manufacturing smasher cost to sever ally unit of product, along with the multivariate manufacturing costs. Because submersion costing includes all manufacturing costs in product costs, it is frequently referred to as the full cost method. p. 231 express 6â€1 inconstant Costing versus Absorption Costing merchandising and Administrative Expenses Selling and administrative expenses are never treated as product costs, regardless of the costing method.Thus, under ingress and variant costing, inconstant and stubborn marketing and administrative expenses are of all time treated as menses costs and are expensed as incurred. Summary of Differences The essential difference in the midst of variabl e costing and intentness costing, as illustrated in bear witness 6-1, is how individually method accounts for meliorate manufacturing disk budget items costsâ€all other costs are treated the same under the devil methods. In concentration costing, frigid manufacturing budget items costs are include as part of the costs of work in process inventories.When units are completed, these costs are transferred to finished goods and only when the units are sold do these costs flow by means of with(predicate) to the income statement as part of cost of goods sold. In variable costing, quick-frozen manufacturing knock costs are considered to be terminus costsâ€just like sell and administrative costsâ€and are interpreted immediately to the income statement as conclusion expenses. unsettled And Absorption Costingâ€An usage To illustrate the difference between variable costing and soaking up costing, consider weber debile Aircraft, a company that produces start o ut recreational aircraft.Data concerning the companys operations emerge gobble up the stairs: As you review the data above, it is Coperni enkindle to realize that for the months of January, February, and border, the sell price per aircraft, variable cost per aircraft, and total monthly frozen expenses never change. The only variables that change in this example are the number of units produced (January =1 unit produced; February = 2 units produced; adjoin = 4 units produced) and the number of units sold (January = 1 unit sold; February = 1 unit sold; March = 5 units sold).We entrust first construct the companys variable costing income statements for January, February, and March. accordingly we testament show how the companys pelf operate income would be run intod for the same months apply preoccupancy costing. inconsistent Costing character Format Income Statement To prepare the companys variable costing income statements for January, February, and March we begin b y computing the unit product cost. acquither variable costing, product costs consist solely of variable toil costs.At weber nimbleness Aircraft, the variable production cost per unit is $25,000, doctord as follows: LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 Prepare income statements development both variable and soaking up costing. Since each months variable production cost is $25,000 per aircraft, the variable costing cost of goods sold for all three months tail end be substantially computed as follows: p. 233 And the companys total sell and administrative expense would be derived as follows: place it all together, the variable costing income statements would appear as shown in confront 6-2.Notice, the contri besidesion format has been apply in these income statements. in addition, the monthly fixed manufacturing overhead costs ($70,000) shake off been recorded as a period expense in the month incurred. EXHIBIT 6â€2 variable quantity Costing Income Statements A simple method for understa nding how weber Light Aircraft computed its variable costing final in operation(p) income figures is to focus on the contribution margin per aircraft sold, which is computed as follows:The variable costing dinero run income for each period can always be computed by multiplying the number of units sold by the contribution margin per unit and then subtracting total fixed costs. For weber Light Aircraft these computations would appear as follows: Notice, January and February carry the same net direct loss. This overhauls because one aircraft was sold in each month and, as frontly mentioned, the selling price per aircraft, variable cost per aircraft, and total monthly fixed expenses remain constant. . 234 Absorption Costing Income Statement As we begin the submersion costing portion of the example, remember that the only reason ducking costing income differs from variable costing is that the methods account for fixed manufacturing overhead differently. Under absorption costing , fixed manufacturing overhead is included in product costs. In variable costing, fixed manufacturing overhead is not included in product costs and instead is treated as a period expense just like selling and administrative expenses.The first meter in preparing webers absorption costing income statements for January, February, and March, is to determine the companys unit product costs for each month as follows1: Notice that in each month, Webers fixed manufacturing overhead cost of $70,000 is divided by the number of units produced to determine the fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit. addicted these unit product costs, the companys absorption costing net operating income in each month would be determined as shown in establish 6-3.The gross gross gross revenue for all three months in Exhibit 6-3 are the same as the sales shown in the variable osting income statements. The January cost of goods sold consists of one unit produced during January at a cost of $95,000 accordin g to the absorption costing system. The February cost of goods sold consists of one unit produced during February at a cost of $60,000 according to the absorption costing system. The March cost of goods sold ($230,000) consists of one unit produced during February at an absorption cost of $60,000 plus four units produced in March with a total absorption cost of $170,000 (= 4 units produced à $42,500 per unit).The selling and administrative expenses qualified the amounts describe in the variable costing income statements; however they are subject areaed as one amount quite than being separated into variable and fixed components. EXHIBIT 6â€3 Absorption Costing Income Statements p. 235 Note that even though sales were precisely the same in January and February and the cost structure did not change, net operating income was $35,000 high in February than in January under absorption costing. This occurs because one aircraft produced in February is not sold until March.This airc raft has $35,000 of fixed manufacturing overhead attached to it that was incurred in February, but resulting not be recorded as part of cost of goods sold until March. severalise the variable costing and absorption costing income statements in Exhibits 62and 6-3, note that net operating income is the same in January under variable costing and absorption costing, but differs in the other two months. We will discuss this in some depth shortly. Also note that the format of the variable costing income statement differs from the absorption costing income statement.An absorption costing income statement categorizes costs by functionâ€manufacturing versus selling and administrative. entirely of the manufacturing costs flow through the absorption costing cost of goods sold and all of the selling and administrative costs are listed separately as period expenses. In contrast, in the contribution approach, costs are reason according to how they behave. All of the variable expenses are listed together and all of the fixed expenses are listed together.The variable expenses category includes manufacturing costs (i. e. , variable cost of goods sold) as well as selling and administrative expenses. The fixed expenses category also includes both manufacturing costs and selling and administrative expenses. Reconciliation of Variable Costing with Absorption Costing Income As celebrated earlier, variable costing and absorption costing net operating incomes whitethorn not be the same. In the case of Weber Light Aircraft, the net operating incomes are the same in January, but differ in the other two months.These differences occur because under absorption costing some fixed manufacturing overhead is capitalized in inventories (i. e. , included in product costs) sort of than presently expensed on the income statement. If inventories increase during a period, under absorption costing some of the fixed manufacturing overhead of the menses period will bedeferred in ending inv entories. For example, in February two aircraft were produced and each carried with it $35,000 (= $70,000 ÷ 2 aircraft produced) in fixed manufacturing overhead.Since only one aircraft was sold, $35,000 of this fixed manufacturing overhead was on Februarys absorption costing income statement as part of cost of goods sold, but $35,000 would have been on the balance sheet as part of finished goods inventories. In contrast, under variable costing all of the $70,000 of fixed manufacturing overhead appeared on the February income statement as a period expense. Consequently, net operating income was higher under absorption costing than under variable costing by $35,000 in February. This was reversed in March when four units were produced, but vanadium were sold.In March, under absorption costing $105,000 of fixed manufacturing overhead was included in cost of goods sold ($35,000 for the unit produced in February and sold in March plus $17,500 for each of the four units produced and so ld in March), but only $70,000 was recognized as a period expense under variable costing. Hence, the net operating income in March was $35,000 lower under absorption costing than under variable costing.LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3 Reconcile variable costing and absorption costing net operating incomes and beg off why the two amounts differ. p. 36 In general, when the units produced exceed unit sales and then inventories increase, net operating income is higher under absorption costing than under variable costing. This occurs because some of the fixed manufacturing overhead of the period is deferred in inventories under absorption costing. In contrast, when unit sales exceed the units produced and hence inventories decrease, net operating income is lower under absorption costing than under variable costing. This occurs because some of the fixed manufacturing overhead of previous periods is released from inventories under absorption costing.When the units produced and unit sales are equal, no change in inventories occurs and absorption costing and variable costing net operating incomes are the same. 2 Variable costing and absorption costing net operating incomes can be reconciled by determining how much fixed manufacturing overhead was deferred in, or released from, inventories during the period: The reconciliation would then be reported as shown in Exhibit 6-4: EXHIBIT 6â€4 Reconciliation of Variable Costing and Absorption Costing Net operate IncomesAgain note that the difference between variable costing net operating income and absorption costing net operating income is entirely due to the amount of fixed manufacturing overhead that is deferred in, or released from, inventories during the period under absorption costing. Changes in inventories affect absorption costing net operating incomeâ€they do not affect variable costing net operating income, providing that variable manufacturing costs per unit are stable. p. 237 EXHIBIT 6â€5 Comparative Income Effect sâ€Absorption and Variable CostingThe reasons for differences between variable and absorption costing net operating incomes are summarized in Exhibit 6-5. When the units produced equal the units sold, as in January for Weber Light Aircraft, absorption costing net operating income will equal variable costing net operating income. This occurs because when production equals sales, all of the fixed manufacturing overhead incurred in the current period flows through to the income statement under both methods.For companies that use careen Production, the number of units produced tends to equal the number of units sold. This occurs because goods are produced in chemical reaction to customer orders, thereby eliminating finished goods inventories and trim down work in process inventory to almost nothing. So, when a company uses Lean Production differences in variable costing and absorption costing net operating income will largely disappear. When the units produced exceed the units sol d, absorption costing net operating income will exceed variable costing net operating income.This occurs because inventories have increased; therefore, under absorption costing some of the fixed manufacturing overhead incurred in the current period is deferred in ending inventories on the balance sheet, whereas under variable costing all of the fixed manufacturing overhead incurred in the current period flows through to the income statement. In contrast, when the units produced are less than the units sold, absorption costing net operating income will be less than variable costing net operating income.This occurs because inventories have decreased; therefore, under absorption costing fixed manufacturing overhead that had been deferred in inventories during a prior period flows through to the current periods income statement together with all of the fixed manufacturing overhead incurred during the current period. Under variable costing, just the fixed manufacturing overhead of the cu rrent period flows through to the income statement. Advantages Of Variable Costing And The Contribution Approach Variable costing, together with the contribution approach, offers appealing advantages for inner reports.This section discusses four of those advantages. Enabling CVP abstract CVP compend requires that we break costs down into their fixed and variable components. Because variable costing income statements categorize costs as fixed and variable, it is much easier to use this income statement format to perform CVP analysis than attempting to use the absorption costing format, which mixes together fixed and variable costs. Moreover, absorption costing net operating income whitethorn or may not agree with the results of CVP analysis.For example, lets suppose that you are arouse in computing the sales that would be necessary to generate a aspire profit of $235,000 at Weber Light Aircraft. A CVP analysis based on the January variable costing income statement from Exhibit 6- 2would proceed as follows: Thus, a CVP analysis based on the January variable costing income statement predicts that the net operating income would be $235,000 when sales are $500,000. And indeed, the net operating income under variable costing is $235,000 when the sales are $500,000 in March.However, the net operating income under absorption costing is not $235,000 in March, even though the sales are $500,000. Why is this? The reason is that under absorption costing, net operating income can be distorted by changes in inventories. In March, inventories decreased, so some of the fixed manufacturing overhead that had been deferred in Februarys ending inventories was released to the March income statement, resulting in a net operating income that is $35,000 lower than the $235,000 predicted by CVP analysis.If inventories had increased in March, the opposite would have occurredâ€the absorption costing net operating income would have been higher than the $235,000 predicted by CVP ana lysis. p. 239 Explaining Changes in Net Operating Income The variable costing income statements in Exhibit 6-2 are clear and easy to understand. All other things the same, when sales go up, net operating income goes up. When sales go down, net operating income goes down. When sales are constant, net operating income is constant. The number of unit produced does not affect net operating income.Absorption costing income statements can be confusing and are easily misinterpreted. Look again at the absorption costing income statements in Exhibit 6-3; a manager might admiration why net operating income went up from January to February even though sales were exactly the same. Was it a result of lower selling costs, more(prenominal) efficient operations, or was it some other factor? In fact, it was only because the number of units produced exceeded the number of units sold in February and so some of the fixed manufacturing overhead costs were deferred in inventories in that month.These c osts have not gone remoteâ€they will eventually flow through to the income statement in a later(prenominal) period when inventories go down. There is no way to tell this from the absorption costing income statements. To avoid mistakes when absorption costing is used, readers of pecuniary statements should be alert to changes in inventory levels. Under absorption costing, if inventories increase, fixed manufacturing overhead costs are deferred in inventories, which in turn increases net operating income. If inventories decrease, fixed manufacturing overhead costs are released from inventories, which in turn decreases net perating income.Thus, when absorption costing is used, fluctuations in net operating income can be due to changes in inventories rather than to changes in sales. Supporting Decision making The variable costing method properly identifies the additional variable costs that will be incurred to make one more unit. It also emphasizes the impact of fixed costs on p rofits. The total amount of fixed manufacturing costs appears explicitly on the income statement, foreground that the whole amount of fixed manufacturing costs must be covered for the company to be truly profitable.In the Weber Light Aircraft example, the variable costing income statements correctly report that the cost of producing another unit is $25,000 and they explicitly recognize that $70,000 of fixed manufactured overhead must be covered to earn a profit. Under absorption costing, fixed manufacturing overhead costs appear to be variable with respect to the number of units sold, but they are not. For example, in January, the absorption unit product cost at Weber Light Aircraft is $95,000, but the variable portion of this cost is only $25,000.The fixed overhead costs of $70,000 are commingled with variable production costs, thereby obscuring the impact of fixed overhead costs on profits. Because absorption unit product costs are utter on a per unit basis, managers may mistake nly believe that if another unit is produced, it will cost the company $95,000. merely of course it would not. The cost of producing another unit would be only $25,000. Misinterpreting absorption unit product costs as variable can lead to many problems, including unfitting pricing decisions and decisions to drop products that are in fact profitable. p. 240 Adapting to the Theory of ConstraintsThe Theory of Constraints (TOC), which was introduced in Chapter 1, suggests that the key to improving a companys profits is managing its constraints. For reasons that will be discussed in a later chapter, this requires careful identification of each products variable costs. Consequently, companies affect in TOC use a form of variable costing. Variable costing income statements require one adaptation to support the TOC approach. Direct labor costs need to be removed from variable production costs and reported as part of the fixed manufacturing costs that are entirely expensed in the period incurred.The TOC treats direct labor costs as a fixed cost for three reasons. First, even though direct labor workers may be compensable on an hourly basis, many companies have a committalâ€sometimes enforced by labor contracts or by lawâ€to guaranty workers a minimum number of paid hours. Second, direct labor is not commonly the constraint;therefore, there is no reason to increase it. Hiring more direct labor workers would increase costs without increasing the rig of saleable products and services. Third, TOC emphasizes round-the-clock improvement to hold up competitiveness.Without committed and enthusiastic employees, sustained continuous improvement is virtually impossible. Because layoffs often have devastating effects on employee morale, managers involved in TOC are extremely antipathetical to lay off employees. For these reasons, most managers in TOC companies regard direct labor as a committed-fixed cost rather than a variable cost. Hence, in the modified form o f variable costing used in TOC companies, direct labor is not ordinarily classified as a product cost.\r\n'

'Adult essay\r'

'Introduction There atomic number 18 round batch who graduate from advanced drill and go directly to work, and there atomic number 18 others who go directly to college by and by postgraduate naturalize. jak was one of many deal that went directly to work afterwards high school. He felt like dismission to school was a waste of cadence. after working in the grind for tetrad years he was promoted to a manager. shit felt like he was on top of the world. Ten years after be promoted, he well-educated that the factory was much than or less to close down. Now Jack was about to lose e truly enjoymentction… his project, his house, and his car.What would he to do now. Jack is not the only individual to name lost his job. Many citizenry every day lose their job and soak up no idea what to do next. They whitethorn lose their job collectible to the business closing down because of bankruptcy, or because the job is relocating overseas. There argon besides some hoi polloi who simply incisively want a change of physical exertion as intumescehead as c every(prenominal)ing path. There are many of people going to college for their own soulfulnessal reasons. They whitethorn have been fired, laid off, or clean wanted to do something other than what they were already doing career wise. bighearteds who receive more deportment experience before going to college are known as enceinte learners. roughly prominent learners find it hard to slump to college classes, after having been in the working surround! Kenner and Weinerman explains that working before college may motivate a student’s deprecative foundations. While dealing with grownup learners, an instructor may have a harder measure prep designations for adult learners. The college instructor may need to receive knowledge about their adult learning students’ ground to visualize how to assign their assignment.Also by knowing the background of the adult learner, the instructor feces break know which persons might need special help and which students may not. People throne have fun while learning. well-nigh people ignore learn unlike and new things about vivification through and through skills learned, as well as utilise when vie telly impales. It had been shown that people have learned just by playing games. encyclopedism from playing video games preserve increase a person actives and postulatement. â€Å" sensation of the advantages of using certain types of computer game in education is their ability, for many learners, to capture engagement and motivation, which contributes to effective learning.Adult Learning Kenner’s and Weinerman’s report says organizational breeding is necessary to help an employee gain more knowledge in their job field. They some(prenominal) say that Knowles discussed the four different stages of adult learning. The four stages are: •A. self directed, pickings responsibility fo r their own actions, and resisting having in gradation at random imposed on them. •B. an extensive prescience of experience, which serves as a critical dowry in the foundation of their self identity. •C. being ready to learn.As most adult learners event to college voluntarily, they are likely to actively engage in the learning process. •D. being occupation motivated. Adult students returning to college attend for a specific final stage and the primary percentage of their motivational drive tends to be intrinsic” (Knowles, 1984). The veterans have it harder than other adult learners. Veterans who may have been in active tariff during war time have seen more things than the average person has seen. Most veterans dope’t separate the difference from military machine life, school life, and life in general, after they’ve been in active duty in the military.Tacit supposition, informal theory, and formal theory, are lead of the offices that a person stop design their own learning, stated by Schraw and Moshman (1995). The in classroom studies is a form of tacit and in formal theory. As of formal theory, the method of study is very hardly use of study, from the article of Kenner and Weinerman (Spring 2011). gage Engagement Theory It been said that video games can help a person in the learning experience in life. Researchers and practitioners in the field of game-based learning a good deal assume that computer games are in and of itself motivational for most, if not all, people (e. . , Oblinger, 2004; Prensky, 2001). The U. K. is planning to make learning fun by using the video games from the report of Whitton. â€Å"The factors that the theory describes are the following: •1. A gainsay that requires skill to achieve with an attainable goal and know rules •2. Complete absorption in the activity •3. Clear goals •4. Immediate feedback •5. assiduousness on the task in exit •6. A genius of control, lacking the sense of worry about losing control •7. exhalation of self-consciousness •8. Transformation of time” (Whitton 2011).There are two types of theories dealing with a rudimentary model of learning games. The two theories are flow theories and the theory of androgogy. Flow theories are a part of the component. It types of engagement that can be engage in a level of the state of flow, from Csikszentmihalyi (1992). The means of having a different style of learn of a younger learner is known as the theory of androgogy. Conclusion In conclusion, adult learners have a hard time get back into, as well as localiseing to, the school milieu than the handed-down college students.When a person has been working many years and then decides to return to the school environment, it often is more difficult to adjust to forming a new train of thought. An adult learner may get so used to doing the things a certain way while in the working environment t hat they lose the ability for critical thinking. Learning can be fun some quantify. A person can learn as well as from playing video games. Some people may learn one thing while others learn something completely different from the same video game. Reflection I am an adult learner and can relate to what has been posted as well as what I have read.At times it is hard for me to get all my assignment in on time, but I am trying the best that I can. Sometimes it’s hard for me to hear what the instructor is asking me to do and what is infallible in the assignment for the week. Its major articles in my life they will have me snap from my studies. Things like working (need to make bullion to pay bills and to survive), family (need to give and receive family subscribe to in life), and other personally business. animateness from adult living is hard, but to add on going to school is harder on individual like me.With the time I have in my life, I don’t have the time to s it in a classroom setting so I went a different dispatch and taking online classing. I do keep back that some things can be learned by games and some things can’t. It shows the bedrock about how life can or can’t be and how life should or shouldn’t be. Over all learning can be fun at times even that it may be applied to video games. REFERENCES Cari Kenner and Jason Weinerman (Spring 2011). Adult Learning Theory: applications to non-traditional college students. www. crla. net Nicola Whitton1 (2011). risque Engagement Theory and Adult Learning. www. sagepub. com/journalsPermissions. nav\r\n'