Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimers Disease is an irreversible, genetically linked illness. This disease was chosen for the topic of this essay under the consideration that in umpteen families the illness can be incredibly tragic, passing down for generations without mercy. It is not rare to encounter families in which each member is afflicted with a form, cracked or severe, of Alzheimers. The disease is a progressive brain disease which comes in two separate types Early-Onset Alzheimers Disease and Late-Onset Alzheimers Disease. These go out be discussed in full later on in the paper.The symptoms of Alzheimers are extremely detrimental to the individual whom it affects, as the disease attacks the brain cells and their connections. As the illness progresses, more of the affected brain cells die. In the very beginning stages, many of the symptoms are mistakenly associated simply with the effects of ageing or stress. Issues such as attentiveness, hornswoggle thinking, and mild memory loss which happens t o be the most notable of these early symptoms, will all start to appear. As the disease progresses, patients will begin to befuddle a difficulty with perception and execution of motions. Memory will begin to take a heavy toll on the patient at this point, becoming a prominent dilemma. Older memories or episodic memories (such as writing), do not take the brunt of these attacks, plainly rather newer memories are affected the most. Soon, issues with speech will begin to arise, as the patients vocabulary begins to become more and more limited and simplistic. Coordination and movement begin to become difficult task for the persons affected, but can ordinarily be accomplished at this point of the disease. In moderate cases, the deterioration of the mind will eventually ... ...much to prepare themselves for the onslaught that is Alzheimers Disease.Works CitedAlzheimers Association - Alzheimers & Dementia Risk Factors. Alzheimers Association. Web. 04 May 2012. .Alzheimers Disease Genet ics Fact Sheet. topic Institute on Aging. Web. 04 May 2012. .Alzheimers Disease Research Centers. National Institute on Aging. Web. 04 May 2012. .Alzheimers Topics. National Institute on Aging. Web. 04 May 2012. .Fisher Center for Alzheimers Research Foundation. Fisher Center Foundation. Web. 04 May 2012. .

Essay on Race in Invisible Man and Black Boy -- Invisible Man Essays

The Question of operate in infrared Man and down(p) son In the early twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate black American writers started employing modernist ways of argumentation to come up with possible answers to the race question. Two of the most(prenominal) outstanding figures of them on both, the literary and the political take aim, were Richard Wright, the most important voice in black American literature for the primary half of the twentieth century (Norton, 548) and his contemporary Ralph Ellison, unitary of the most footnoted writers in American literary history (Norton, 700). In this paper I want to comp atomic number 18 Wrights autobiography Black Boy with Ellisons novel Invisible Man and, in doing so, assess the effectiveness of their conclusions. Both books have realityy striking parallels. Each tells the story of a young and levelheaded picaresque eccentric who goes through a painful odyssey of racism and prejudice during which he intellectually matures. Disappointed by institutions like family, church and political parties, generally because they try to strip them of their individuality by instrumentalizing and categorizing them, both booster stations grow more than and more disillusioned. At the peak of their cynicism they eventually reject the American society as a whole. They now have only two logically consistent ways out of their dilemma Flight or fight. Ellisons protagonist chooses to take the first way. He believes that he can now finally see how society really works and he finds that in it he plays the role of an invisible man. His invisibility is imputable to the fact that the other people are blind for the characteristics that distinguish him as an individual human being and instead apply to him the uniform stereotypes they associate with A... ...llison ends. His protagonist does not have to look for the individualism that the invisible man is always struggling for because he seems to have been born with it. Ther efore his efforts are much more focused and constructive. In conclusion I can say that I understand Ellisons point of view on the emotional level but that I have to give Wright right on the political level. Works Cited Berry, W. Abner. Ralph Ellisons Novel Invisible Man Show Snobbery, Contempt for Negro People. The Daily Worker 8 Nov. 1999 <http//www.english.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/berry-on-ellison.html>. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. second ed. New York Vintage International, 1995. W. L. Andrews et al., ed. The Literature of the American South A Norton Anthology. New York Norton, 1998. 58 Wright, Richard. Black Boy. New York Harperpennial, 1993. Essay on Race in Invisible Man and Black Boy -- Invisible Man EssaysThe Question of Race in Invisible Man and Black Boy In the early twentieth century black American writers started employing modernist ways of argumentation to come up with possible answers to the race question. Two of the most outstanding figures of them on both, the literary and the political level, were Richard Wright, the most important voice in black American literature for the first half of the twentieth century (Norton, 548) and his contemporary Ralph Ellison, one of the most footnoted writers in American literary history (Norton, 700). In this paper I want to compare Wrights autobiography Black Boy with Ellisons novel Invisible Man and, in doing so, assess the effectiveness of their conclusions. Both books have many striking parallels. Each tells the story of a young and intelligent picaresque character who goes through a painful odyssey of racism and prejudice during which he intellectually matures. Disappointed by institutions like family, church and political parties, mainly because they try to deprive them of their individuality by instrumentalizing and categorizing them, both protagonists grow more and more disillusioned. At the peak of their cynicism they eventually reject the American society as a whole. They no w have only two logically consistent ways out of their dilemma Flight or fight. Ellisons protagonist chooses to take the first way. He believes that he can now finally see how society really works and he finds that in it he plays the role of an invisible man. His invisibility is due to the fact that the other people are blind for the characteristics that distinguish him as an individual human being and instead apply to him the same stereotypes they associate with A... ...llison ends. His protagonist does not have to look for the individualism that the invisible man is always struggling for because he seems to have been born with it. Therefore his efforts are much more focused and constructive. In conclusion I can say that I understand Ellisons point of view on the emotional level but that I have to give Wright right on the political level. Works Cited Berry, W. Abner. Ralph Ellisons Novel Invisible Man Show Snobbery, Contempt for Negro People. The Daily Worker 8 Nov. 1999 <htt p//www.english.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/berry-on-ellison.html>. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. 2nd ed. New York Vintage International, 1995. W. L. Andrews et al., ed. The Literature of the American South A Norton Anthology. New York Norton, 1998. 58 Wright, Richard. Black Boy. New York Harperpennial, 1993.

Socratic Citizenship as Salve to the Antinomy of Rules and Values :: Plato Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Socratic Citizenship as Salve to the Antinomy of Rules and Values It is not unimaginable that Plato would view the enforcement of rigid laws as a noble lie (Rep112)noble as a guarantor of order in a just city, nevertheless misleading in its pretense of infallibility. The Crito, the Apology, and the Republic capture the tension in Platos work between a commitment to square arbiter and to formalist healthy jurist. In a system of substantive justice, ascertains are flexible and act as maxims of efficiency (Unger 90), proxies of justice and virtue. The system of formalist legal justice secures order and stableness with rigid rules plot of land risking miscarriages of particularity. This paper, then, is about Platos noble lie.Roberto Ungers Knowledge and Politics provides an invaluable lens for examining Platos discussion of law and justice in the Republic, the Apology and the Crito. In the Republic, Plato sketches the outlines of a just, ordered city-state. The Apology presents Soc rates defense against an unjust accusation before the court of law. The Crito sees Socrates accept his unjust sentencing to death and defend the rule of law. Ungers work helps distill from these Platonic works a coherent platform of substantive justice and a critique of a formalist theory of adjudication. Moreover, while Ungers arguments arrive in the context of a critique of liberal political theory, Plato nevertheless offers a response to Ungers main critique of substantive justice, the antinomy of rules and values (91). The idea of Socratic citizenship, gleaned from the Apology and the Crito, seeks to resolve this antinomy. Roberto Unger examines substantive justice in Knowledge and Politics in the context of legislation and adjudication. Unger defines substantive justice as a mode of ordering human relations which determines goals and, independently of rules, decides particular cases by a judgment of what decision is most likely to house to the predetermined goals, a judgment o f instrumental rationality (89). In the Republic, Socrates evokes the principles of substantive justice in his verbal creation of the ideal Greek city-state. In parole IV, Socrates locates the ends of the ideal city-state in the four virtues courage, temperance, wisdom and justice. Books I and II of the Republic deliver a scathing indictment against a formalist theory of adjudication. Formalist legal justice assumes that it is possible to deduce correct judgments from the laws by an automatic process (92) without reference to the purpose or end of the law.

King Phillip :: essays research papers

King of Spain, only son of the Emperor Charles V, and Isabella of Portugal, b. at Valladolid, 21 May, 1527 d. at the Escorial, 13 Sept., 1598. He was carefully educated in the sciences, learned French and Latin, though he never spoke anything barely Castilian, and also showed much come to in architecture and music. In 1543 he married his cousin, Maria of Portugal, who died at the birth of Don Carlos (1535). He was appointed regent of Spain with a council by Charles V. In 1554 he married Mary Tudor, Queen of England, who was eleven years his senior. This political wedding ceremony gave Spain an indirect influence on affairs of England, recently restored to Catholicism but in 1555 Philip was summoned to the Low Countries, and Marys death in the same year severed the connection between the two countries. At a solemn conference held at Brussels, 22 Oct., 1555, Charles V ceded to Philip the Low Countries, the crowns of Castille, Aragon, and Sicily, on 16 Jan., 1556, and the countship of Burgundy on the tenth of June. He even thought of securing for him the imperial crown, but the opposition of his brother Ferdinand caused him to violence that project. Having become king, Philip, devoted to Catholicism, defended the Faith throughout the world and opposed the progress of heresy, and these two things are the key to his whole reign. He did both by marrow of absolutism. His reign began unpleasantly for a Catholic sovereign. He had signed with France the Treaty of Vaucelles (5 Feb., 1556), but it was soon broken by France, which joined Paul IV against him. wish Julius II this pope longed to drive the foreigners out of Italy. Philip had two wars on his hands at the same time, in Italy and in the Low Countries. In Italy the Duke of Alva, Viceroy of Naples, foiled the Duke of Guise and reduced the pope to such distress that he was forced to make peace. Philip granted this on the most favourable terms and the Duke of Alva was even cause to ask the popes pardon for ha ving invaded the Pontifical States. In the Low Countries Philip defeated the French at Saint Quentin (1557) and Gravelines (1558) and afterwards signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis (3 April, 1559), which was sealed by his marriage with Elizabeth of Valois, daughter of Henry II.

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights: Life is Hard :: Wuthering Heights Essays

Wuthering Heights Life is Hard Many times in life, people leave our lives and then come back into them. However, we take to be them, but they do not remember us. The same thing happened in Emily Bronts book Wuthering Heights. Linton, taken by his mother to London after his birth, never knew his father, then when things happened, he came back home. He had family fighting over where he was to live and whom he would be around. Not knowing part of your family until after you are fifteen is hard. Isabella took her son, after he was born, and moved to London extraneous from Thrushcross Grange. At the same time, she moved away from her husband, Heathcliff. During the time that Isabella and Linton were gone, Isabella got sick and passed away. Right before her death, a letter came saying that she was dying so Hindley went to visit her. While he was there, she did passed on so he brought Linton back with him. Once back, everyone looked after him and made him feel at home. Heathcliff soon came to the knowledge that his son had returned to Wuthering Heights. He then sent someone to Wuthering Heights to digest Linton. However, he did not know that Linton was already asleep so he did not get the boy that night. The next day the boy was taken to Heathcliff at Thrushcross Grange. The father and son were nothing alike, and Linton was intimidated by his father. He did stay, and meet some of his relatives that he had never seen, who helped him adjust to living there. Everyday in our lives we emission into situations that we wish we had never been involved with. I relate to the characters of Linton and Heathcliff. I am like Linton because people know who I am, but I never remember meeting them, and am scared around them. I also feel the same as Hindly might have of. This is because I would want to see the individual I did not know, but then I would not know how to cat around them. In time people come around, but others, as with Heathcliff and L inton, never come around. Everyday life is something we take for granted.

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights: Life is Hard :: Wuthering Heights Essays

Wuthering Heights Life is Hard Many times in manner, people leave our lives and accordingly decrease back into them. However, we remember them, but they do not remember us. The same thing happened in Emily Bronts book Wuthering Heights. Linton, taken by his mother to London after(prenominal)wards his birth, never knew his father, then when things happened, he came back home. He had family fighting over where he was to live and whom he would be just about. Not knowing part of your family until after you are fifteen is hard. Isabella took her son, after he was born, and moved to London away from Thrushcross Grange. At the same time, she moved away from her husband, Heathcliff. During the time that Isabella and Linton were gone, Isabella got sick and passed away. Right ahead her death, a letter came saying that she was dying so Hindley went to visit her. While he was there, she did passed on so he brought Linton back with him. Once back, everyone looked after him and make him feel at home. Heathcliff soon came to the knowledge that his son had returned to Wuthering Heights. He then sent someone to Wuthering Heights to get Linton. However, he did not know that Linton was already asleep so he did not get the boy that night. The next day the boy was taken to Heathcliff at Thrushcross Grange. The father and son were nothing alike, and Linton was intimidate by his father. He did stay, and meet some of his relatives that he had never seen, who helped him adjust to living there. Everyday in our lives we run into situations that we wish we had never been involved with. I relate to the characters of Linton and Heathcliff. I am like Linton because people know who I am, but I never remember meeting them, and am scared around them. I also feel the same as Hindly might have of. This is because I would want to see the person I did not know, but then I would not know how to cat around them. In time people come around, but others, as with Hea thcliff and Linton, never come around. Everyday life is something we take for granted.

Impact of Terrorism on Pakistan Economy

The Effects of Terrorism & Tourism on the Economy of Pakistan Pakistan is one of the poorest countries on the planet, ranking 171st in the world on the GDP per capita measure, agree to the CIAs World Factbook. Terrorism is a big detriment to Pakistans development, including its tourism industry. Terror attacks atomic number 18 common in the country, and even Pakistans former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was killed as a result of a suicide attack in 2007. 1. The Effect on Tourism oTourism is underdeveloped in Pakistan.Most of the people who visit the country are people of Pakistani descent who make up the Pakistani diaspora in the U. S. and other countries. Accordingly, the effect of tourism on the economy of Pakistan is negligible. That said, if the security system situation improves, Pakistan could buzz off a fairly popular tourist destination thanks to its unique culture and geography (Pakistan boasts a beautiful mountain terrain of the Himalayas, among other attractions). Ter rorism Hinders transaction oAccording to a presentation of the Lahore School of Economics, terrorism has a negative impact on the national economy of Pakistan.The threat of terrorism not only diverts resources to security spending, driving up costs for businesses, but also creates instability about business prospects in the country. Businesses find it difficult to obtain bank loans and get into long contractual obligations. o Insecurity Hampers Investment oInsecurity that results from terrorism hampers the Foreign Direct Investment that goes into Pakistan. Investors fret that terrorism may lead to Islamic extremists taking power, destabilizing loving and economic structures in the country.

Dove – Brand Value

Question 1 Prior to the launch of The course for signifi dropt saucer, come down cogitateed mostly on the mails running(a) benefits in its advertising. squab products were packaged simply, and the name dove implied purity, freshness and cleanliness. It was as well truly feminine. To customers, genus Columba was viewed not as soap, but as a moisturizer because of the scars constant emphasis on the one(a)-quarter moisturizing cream added to its beauty bars. Because of this, women flocked to the brand in hopes of trading in their run dry skin for soft, smooth skin. disc e rattlingwhere 1 pictures a brand connector map for the squab brand prior to the approach of The play for hearty Beauty. As shown in the Exhibit, a lot of f all in alls associations are in the functional category or teetering between functional and emotional. This is because of the path peacenik introduced itself the brand was so determined to set itself apart from its competitors because of the moisturizing differences in products, but go down became stuck in the functionality view point. Its hard to create a story and brand personality for some exquisiteg which is only viewed as a functional product.Question 2 The main reason The escape for existing Beauty was created was so that genus Columba could become a Masterbrand. This meant that fall had to expand its product line to include otherwise personal care products besides in the beauty bar category. Dove tried to launch its new personal care products using proficiencys similar to those of the beauty bar, but to unify each(prenominal) of Doves products, the branding police squad had to create a new vision so that they could sell Dove as a brand rather than individual products.The key brand associations ( dumbfoundn from Exhibit 1) are healthy skin, beauty, and moisture. Dove precious to introduce deodorants, pilus care products, facial cleansers, carcass lotions and hair styling products. For each of these prod ucts, beauty is important. Every girl wants attractive hair, beautiful skin and even beautiful underarms. Moisture is important for facial cleansers, body lotions and hair care products because you dont want something that will dry out your skin or hair however, moisturizers arent necessarily important in deodorants.Healthy skin only applies to facial cleansers, body lotions and deodorants, but not to hair care and styling products. As it stands here, Doves brand story is inconsistent for taking on multiple products of such different purposes. There is no one association that will incorporate all of the products Dove plans on introducing. Question 3 The brand story of Doves stir up for Real Beauty can be broken down into the four elements of storytelling subject matter, plot, conflict and characters. The message behind the weigh is that all women should shade beautiful in their skin.The plot is to show women that by using Dove products, they can feel beautiful in their skin. Th e conflict is that society tells consumers what beauty should look like, but the Dove brand refuses to set to those supposed norms. The characters are women women of every size, shape, color, age and height. These ideas are the backbone of The Campaign for Real Beauty, and are too Doves unique selling propositions. Overall, Doves brand story behind The Campaign for Real Beauty is strong. What makes it strong is that its never been done before.Consumers are so used to beholding the analogous faces, figures and ethnicities in advertising that when you show them something different, their interest in peaked. By putting women in the ads that look like anyone off the street, it becomes a brand that is for all commonwealth rather than only a certain kind of person. Its also incredibly strong because the idea behind the urge opens up conversations virtually self-esteem in general. The campaign generated a multitude of discussions on the internet slightly topics like anorexia, body image and race. Question 4The first of Doves advertising as a part of The Campaign for Real Beauty were its Tick-Box advertisements. These were very creative billboards designed to incorporate the opinions of the consumers just about the product, but also about the campaign itself. The ads caught the attention of the public, and whiley people voted oversized at first, but outstanding quickly took over. Based on these results, its apparent that Dove had gained corroborate in their campaign and message. The next series of Dove advertisements for the campaign are known as Firming advertisements.These ads nourish six real women posing in explicit white underwear. The imagery is simple, clean and virginal all aspects associated with the Dove brand and products. This ad is a great representation of the brands new vision. It featured women of all shapes, sizes and colors, smiling and baring their bodies comfortably. This is exactly the type of feeling The Campaign for Real Beauty w as created to portray. The next step in the campaign was the creation of a video that didnt even mention the selling product.The video featured young girls admitting things about themselves that they wished were different or didnt like. The advertisement still form controversial. This ad demonstrates the big picture behind The Campaign for Real Beauty, in that Dove wants to open up discussion about what it means to beautiful in todays society. With the True Colors ad, the company doesnt let the product get in the commission, but rather lets the campaign take over the brand. This is most likely why the ad received so much praise, and ran during the 2006 Super wheel in front of 90 million viewers.Stage four of the campaign was mostly unplanned. The growing video was created as a way to entice people to attend Dove-lead self-esteem workshops in Toronto, Canada. After the North America team saw the film, they decided to air it more publically on YouTube. In a matter of months, the f ilm received over 3 million views. victimisation YouTube at the time was an extremely smart idea considering how popular the site was becoming. It opened the Dove brand up to the social media craze of the time, and created a negotiation within the internet in the form of blogs, video responses and forums.The same can be said for the Onslaught film that Dove put up that well depicted what it can be like for women and young girls to walk down the street or watch television, and be bombarded with these images of what it means to be beautiful. Question 5 Billboards in Grand Central Station Doves Campaign for Real Beauty is described by Harousseau as breaking every loom in the company. Doves grocerying objective for the campaign was to create a buzz and get people talking about the company itself and the message it is trying to portray.By using billboards in Grand Central Station, the company was taking advantage of the huge amount of foot traffic and diversity that the station of fers. This technique in getting peoples attention obviously worked when Katie Couric spent 16 minutes on the Today Show talking about the ads and Doves new direction. Using the billboards in such a culturally mixed environment allows all sorts of potential consumers the opportunity to be introduced or reintroduced to the Dove brand and The Campaign for Real Beauty. Super Bowl Advertising Doves usage of the Super Bowl was all about exposure and introducing The Campaign for Real Beauty. The idea to advertise during the Super Bowl was at first rejected with good reason the Super Bowl has always been a way to advertise beer, cars, chips and other masculine products it wasnt the place for Dove let alone a campaign set out specifically for women. However, the Super Bowl offers an audience of over 90 million people which would surely get Dove and the campaign some buzz. After its ad ran, Dove experienced act exposure in conversations by news outlets, Oprah Winfrey and late night personal ities. The ad was a huge success in making consumers witting of Doves mission.However, in exposing its brand and campaign, Dove opened itself up to ridicule and satire which is an unfortunate side-effect of advertising to an entire nation rather than your intended market. YouTube Release of Evolution Dove released the Evolution ad on YouTube using no paid media. Overtime, the word-of-mouth phenomenon went into effect, and the ad was among the most downloaded commercials on YouTube despite never appearing on television as paid advertising. However, the ad did make it into the media in the context of news programs, newspapers and radio.This advertising technique most appropriately demonstrates Doves new direction and mission. It shows people that what they perceive as beautiful isnt genuinely real. Dove wants women to realize this, and love themselves naturally. The Evolution message is an important one for all consumers to understand. The Dove Two Dozen and Dove Real Beauty Award T he Dove Two Dozen was a very behind the scenes media technique. It involved introducing the campaign to significant women in the media whom Dove believed shared its vision.Through this vehicle, the company hoped to gain the trust of influential consumers who would hopefully pass on their praise of the product and the campaign to mundane consumers who would also appreciate the brands efforts and goals. This is a good marketing technique because celebrities and well-known personalities have a lot of influence in the consumer market, so passing on The Campaign for Real Beauty idea to these individuals increased the likelihood of attracting the appropriate demographic. The Dove Real Beauty Award is a very clever way of introducing the campaign into the military personnel of media and female empowerment.Dove created the award as a part of the American Women in Radio and Televisions yearbook gala. Although this offers minimal exposure since it is only an annual award, the influential ch aracters that would attend this gala could possibly bring the brand and campaign to a larger audience. Global ego Esteem Fund This was the final step in Doves overall media planning process. The company created the fund to support uniquely ME , which is an organization that partners with the girlfriend Scouts of the USA whose goals include building self-confidence in girls ages 8-17.This fund was mentioned on the Girl Scouts website, and linked to the campaigns standalone website. Creating this fund helped garner exposure, but also added to Doves corporate social responsibility which is incredibly important in the overall view of the company and helped the campaign establish a monopoly on female self-confidence and self-esteem. Question 6 The introduction of The Campaign for Real Beauty definitely changed the brand meaning of Dove. The brand started out focusing on only the functional uses of its products, but the campaign transformed the brand to encompass an idea that was more p owerful than mere functionality.The Dove brand remains pure and simple in its advertising, and still promotes its one-quarter moisturizer claim. But on top of that, Dove now stands for promoting self-esteem and self-confidence in young girls and women around the world. The brand also challenges the modern societal view of beauty which is monumental considering that no other company dares do it. Exhibit 2 shows a new brand association map that portrays the Dove brand after the launch of The Campaign for Real Beauty. A few of the original associations have shifted and a few have been added original, empowered, happy, queer and confident.Most notably is the shift of the beauty association. Originally it was placed directly on the Emotional axis, and closer to the lower end. After the introduction of the campaign, beauty has shifted to the higher ends of twain the Emotional and Self-Expressive axes. Another significant change is the addition of the confident association. Beforehand, Dove wasnt known for instilling confidence in women, but after the introduction of the Tick-Box and Firming advertisements, that changed. It showed real women smiling happily, while baring their bodies despite them not matching societal expectations. Question 7 1. Price PremiumAeker uses price premium as a measurement of loyalty. It represents of the extra amount of money that a customer is willing to pay for a brand compared to the generic option. Based on information provided in the case, there is no evidence to show how much financial growth The Campaign for Real Beauty has given the Dove brand. Although, in 2006, Dove was cited as one of the 10 brands with the greatest percentage gain in brand health since 2003. This acknowledgement is due to the fact that the brand had grown by $1. 2 billion in only three geezerhood. No one is sure how much of that growth can be credited to The Campaign for Real Beauty. 2.Satisfaction/ homage In brand equity, loyalty leads to satisfaction thi s involves a customers experience with a product. Considering that Dove has been a well-known and well-loved brand for over 50 years, it can be easily deduced that there is a high level of loyalty behind the brand. Before The Campaign for Real Beauty concept, Dove focused on the functional benefits of its products primarily on the fact that Doves cleansing products contained one-quarter moisturizing cream. This differentiation between Dove and other cleansers is what made Dove the second one cleansing brand in 2007 and contributed to the brands largely female following.The Campaign for Real Beauty, although it started a lot of chatter about the brand, didnt necessarily give more loyalty from new or existing customers. It would appear that Dove, while still using the campaign, is still focusing on its brands functional benefits to maintain loyalty. 3. Perceived Quality A products performance that varies from the object quality is the perceived quality. The Campaign for Real Beauty is an idea/message that Dove brand managers came up with in order to create a story on which they could sell their quickly increasing product line.The Dove products are still the same they havent altered the ingredients of the products because of the campaign. However, the quality of the brand itself has shifted. Because of the campaigns focus on self-confidence and self-esteem in women and young girls, consumers began viewing Dove as a pioneer in the fight for societal acceptance of all. This view point is extremely important because the issue of body image in American culture is very prevalent, but companies refuse to address it in fear of being rejected by the masses for going against the young, white, blonde and thin norm.Because Dove decided to step out in protest of these so-called norms, the company runs the risk of being rejected. As Alicia Clegg tell Talk about real beauty all you want once youre the brand for fat girls, youre toast. 4. Leadership/Popularity The first s eries of Doves Campaign for Real Beauty ads came out to the public between 2002 and 2005. Since then, Dove has launched several ads following the messages inspired by The Campaign for Real Beauty. In 2007, Dove was the worlds number-one cleansing brand in the health and beauty sector, with sales of over $2.5 billion a year in more than 80 countries. This shows that 3-5 years after the introduction of The Campaign for Real Beauty, Dove remained the leader in its market. Also, since the campaigns reveal, the brand grown by $1. 2 billion which can be mostly attributed to the brands product extensions, but also because of the campaigns success. 5. Perceived Value The perceived value of Dove is the perceived brand usefulness relative to its costs. Dove is one of the more expensive cleansing brands in the market today, but it also offers more moisturizers which makes your skin softer and healthier.Since the perceived value focuses mainly on the functional uses of the product, The Campa ign for Real Beauty does not affect the brands perceived value. However, the campaign could increase or decrease a consumers individual perceived value if they support or reject the message that Dove is putting out with its campaign. 6. Brand Personality Doves brand personality links the brands emotional and self-expressive benefits to the consumers needs for social approval, personal expression or self-esteem. The idea of self-esteem is the all told basis of The Campaign for Real Beauty. After rigorous surveying and planning, the brand managers found out that only 2% of women worldwide consider themselves to be beautiful. Dove also found out that this is mostly because of the images women see every day in the media which depict women whose beauty is even unattainable to them (hello, Photoshop) In response, Dove wanted to create its brand personality to encompass the idea of loving yourself in your own skin no matter your shape, size, color, etc. This new personality was embraced b y consumers and the media, most notably Katie Couric and Oprah Winfrey.7. Organizational Associations Organizational associations urge consumers to connect the organizations employees, values and programs with the brand itself. This is very well done in Dove because of The Campaign for Real Beauty. Because the campaign is an idea, it offers many values out to customers that reflect what the Dove brand is all about. Because of the campaign, Dove, to the hope of the brand managers, will become a brand synonymous with natural beauty and self-esteem extremely powerful words in the beauty market in America. 8. Brand AwarenessBrand awareness refers to how aware consumers are of Dove and its products. Because of the dramatic shift in brand personality and ground-breaking advertising series, Dove has created a lot of chatter. This is centered on The Campaign for Real Beauty. When the advertisements first surfaced, they were so different and controversial that the media got involved and d id news reports on the campaign. This was fantastic free advertising for Dove. Because news outlets and media personalities were discussing this campaign and the Dove brand itself, it got customers interested.Like a wildfire, word spread across the internet and people were creating blog posts, YouTube videos, updating their Facebook and Twitter accounts mostly in praise of the campaign. 9. Market Share Nothing is stated in the case about the market share of Dove, but its competitors include Proctor and Gambles Ivory, Kaos Jergens, and Beiersdorfs Nivea. However, it can be imitation that since Dove has been a leader in the health and beauty sector of the market since its introduction, it has a fairly large market share.This share may have been increased due to the brands $1. 2 billion increase from the introduction of an extended product line and The Campaign for Real Beauty. 10. Market Price and Distribution coverage From personal experience and knowledge, Dove products are gener ally on the higher side of the pricing scale. They use high quality ingredients, and use more moisturizer than other brands so the skin stays softer and healthier. Dove sells all of their health and beauty products in grocery stores, convenience stores and drug stores.Because Doves Campaign for Real Beauty focuses on the everyday woman, it wouldnt make sense for the company to try and sell in high end stores like Macys, Sephora or Nordstrom. Placing Dove products in places where any woman could find it increases the likelihood that the campaign will stick in the minds of target consumers and expand from there. Overall, The Campaign for Real Beauty is positively contributing to Doves brand equity. In a majority of Aakers markers, the campaign has clearly added a positive spin on the brands understructure equity. This is especially true in the brands personality.The campaign completely transformed the brand from one that merely focused on the functional benefits of the products to t he feel and meaning of the brand as a whole. This is important because now that Dove has a large line of different products, creating a meaning behind the brand itself makes creating a story easier. Questions 8 and 9 Each of the consumer-created responses listed poke fun at the advertisement efforts of the Dove brand. Despite the existence of these mock advertisements and social messages, it doesnt seem that the Dove brand or The Campaign for Real Beauty was hijacked by consumers.A brand hijacking is defined as the consumers act of commandeering a brand from the marketing professionals by seizing control of its ideology, use and persona, and driving its evolution. Based on whats been accomplished by Dove and its campaign and the efforts of these consumers, utter the brand has been hijacked based on these few responses unrealistic. Slob Evolution, a consumer-created YouTube parody of Doves Evolution video features a normal looking man being transformed into a slob by make-up artist s and the use of Photoshop. This specific video has a little over 1.5 million views on YouTube in the stand firm six years. In contrast, the Dove video has almost 16 million views on YouTube in the same amount of time. Because so few people saw the consumer-created video as compared to the real video, I dont think one could say that Dove lost control of the campaigns initial meaning. In addition, majority of the comments in response to Slob Evolution dont even mention the Dove brand or The Campaign for Real Beauty. The same could be said for Dove vs. Axe, a consumer-created response to Doves Onslaught film. There are only 5,500 views in the last three years.There hasnt been enough exposure of these mock films to trigger a hijacking. One of the most powerful consumer-created videos is the Onslaughter video. It was created to get the message across that Dove allegedly uses palm oil from Indonesia that was planted after the destruction of lowland forests. While this is a powerful sta tement and potential problem for Dove, this advertisement doesnt focus on The Campaign for Real Beauty. It does, however, present a problem because its name is very similar to the name of one of Doves real advertisements for the campaign.When the actual videos name, Onslaught, is typed into Youtube, the consumer-created video is one of the first to come up. Again, this isnt necessarily hijacking The Campaign for Real Beauty, but rather a petite attack on Dove. Question 10 Based on the qualitative and quantitative success of The Campaign for Real Beauty, I think Dove should overcompensate investing in the campaign. The brand has experienced phenomenal sales growth in the last five or so years, and has introduced several new products into the market through the campaign.Dove can continue to advertise using the values and messages from The Campaign for Real Beauty, and continue to open up dialogue about self-esteem and body image. There has been such a positive response to the campa ign itself and already so much investment into programs and funds. As young girls grow up comprehend Doves ads and messages, they will develop a loyalty and understanding of the brand. In addition, hopefully with Doves messages and influence, there can be radical change in the way girls view themselves.Since real women are the majority of women who buy Dove products, its important that Dove continue their focus on them. By reverting back to merely focusing on functional benefits, consumers could easily forget what Dove stood for in the past and simply change to some other brand that may be cheaper and offer the same benefits. Dove must continually emphasize The Campaign for Real Beauty so people do not forget the social responsibility that Dove is trying to take on. In addition, no other brand or company is willing to take this similar risk, so Dove can continue to profit unopposed using this strategy.

Reflection Worksheet Essay

Please use the information from your interview to complete this imprintsheet. Submit this worksheet in the Module 2 Assignment Dropbox no afterward than Day 7 of Module 2. Include vocabulary and concepts from your reading and course site to support and illustrate your own insights. In preparation for the papers youll relieve later in this course, take the time to organize your thoughts for each question and write clearly.1. Summarize how you were rated on the 4 components of Interpersonal Effectiveness. Where argon you doing well? Where do you need some practice? (Simply report your findings do not explain your position).For the 4 components of Interpersonal Effectiveness, I was rated decently. In Emotional news program, the only thing that I need to improve on is staying calm when speaking I have a tendency to raise my voice and be overly intense. For Mindfulness, I was rated passing I do posses the ability to maintain my full attention to the person and allow the person to sp eak before I do. Ethics was also rated highly, universe able to keep in mind the situations of others. Competence was high, as well, Im able to put aside my own differences in order to wear verboten understand others.2. Discuss the differences and similarities between your interview results and your own self-assessment in Module 1 Discussion 2. How are peoples detections of your interpersonal effectiveness in alignment (or not) with your own? What surprised you?Honestly, I was not surprised by the results of the interview and my own self-assessment. I knew coming into the interview that I needed to work on some things, specifically, Emotional Intelligence. Ive always had a temper when talking with psyche and they are either not listening to me or not understanding where Im coming from. It does seem that when Im talking to someone I dont really fill in, my Emotional Intelligence is in check. Im able to tone down how I respond or act in unfamiliar territory when it comes to othe rs.3. How easy or hard was it for you to stay open-minded and non-defensive? Why? What did you have to do to stay open-minded and non-defensive?It was somewhat easy for me to stay open-minded and non-defensive because I was talking with someone Im comfortable with. One thing Ive learned is when you are faced with talking to someone you dont necessarily carry with, its easy to put yourself in their shoes. Not getting so caught up in my feelings and ideas help me to maintain a leveled head. I have to cue myself that everyone is entitled to their opinions and ideals and I dont have to like them but I do need to respect them. Having talked with someone I know did subscribe to me keeping all of that in mind, a little easier to do.4. Why do you think you are being perceived as you are? Consider the perception process as outlined in Chapter 2 (i.e. selection, organization, construeation, negotiation). For example, did your partner notice or select different behaviors than you expected? Or, did he/she think or interpret your behavior in ways that were different from what you intended?I think why Im being perceived the way I am is because of my body language. The moment I folded my arms my partner knew I was becoming defensive. When I place my hand under my chin to rest my head, my partner mistaken I was bored which was not the case at that time, I genuinely wanted to just hold my hand under my chin. Some perceptions that my partner saying and explained how they were feeling about it werent all accurate. My partner pointed out things that I didnt realize I was doing and took it as disrespect but some habits I have are just that habits.5. Summarize 2 key insights from this assignment. What do you know now about your behavior and interpersonal effectiveness that you didnt know before?There really wasnt any behaviors and interpersonal effectiveness that I didnt know already. This assignment did make some behaviors stand out more than others, such as, Emotional Intel ligence. Ive known I have a problem with remaining calm and not wear my emotions on my arm when having a conversation with someone and I dont agree with what theyre saying. This assignment definitely pulled that out in full force and make me realize how often I do it. If anything that was a behavior that I didnt notice that I do quite often in conversation.6. commit 2 actions you rear end take (i.e. new behaviors you chamberpot practice) that will immediately help you improve your interpersonal effectiveness. Be specific.One action I can take that will improve my interpersonal effectiveness is becoming a more active listener. Instead of just waiting to speak I can be present in that moment of conversation with someone and attentively listen. A second action I could practice would be to keep in mind Emotional Intelligence. Making sure I refrain from wearing my emotions on my sleeve and not get too involved in how things are said as much as what is being said. Listening with an op en and clear mind will help me improve how I interact with others.

Holiday Trip

comprehension unionise 2 personal line of credit CHAPTER 1 THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES 1. 1 sensory(prenominal) Organs and Their Functions Sensory Organs and Their Stimuli 1. Humans being have pentad main sensory organ, which be cutis, nose, vernacular, stiletto heels and eyes. 2. Sense detects stimuli, that is changes in surroundings (around us). 3. quintet sentiences i. sight ii. hearing iii. slur iv. taste v . smell 4. Senses argon cancel of the body c eithered sensory organs. 5. Changes or object that puke detect by our senses are called stimuli. 6. The ability of the sensory organs to detect stimuli is called senses. 7.All the sensory organs are complete with sensory sense organs, that is the nerve endings that can detect stimuli. Stimuli Sense Sensory organ fairylike(Brightness, colour) Sight Eye Sound Hearing Ear Touch, heat, cold, pain, pressure Touch Skin Sweet, sour, bitter, salty Taste Tongue flavor or odors Smell Nose The World through our senses senses L ight and sight Sound and hearing Stimuli and responses in set ups Touch (skin) Smell (nose) Taste (tongue) Hearing (ear) Sight (eye) Properties of visible light ken defects Optical illusions Stereoscopic and monocular Properties of laboured Reflection and absorption limitations stereophonicPhototropism (light) Geotropism (gravity) Hydrotropism ( piddle) Thigmotropism ( pass toward) Nastic movement (move run away) Science Form 2 strike out 2012 Laman web. http//freda. auyeung. electronic network/5senses/see. htm http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/touch. htm http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/hear. htm http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/taste. htm http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/smell. htm 1. 2 The Pathway from Stimulus to Response PMR 05 Figure 1. 2 The summary of the pathway from input to response 1. Our sensory organs are utilise to detect stimuli (Singular stimulus).A stimulus is anything that ca exercises a reaction in a living organism, e. g. Pain, heat, well, chemicals. 2. When a stimulus is detected, receptor cells in the sensory organ will be triggered and generate impulses. 3. These impulses will be transmitted through the nerve and than to the maven. 4. The brain will further process and interpret the impulse signals as specific instruction than the organism has to respond to. 5. This in arrive atation is than sent back to the sensory organ through the nerve to provide responses. Stimulus Sensory organ Nerves head word Nerves Response Stimulus Sensory organs NervesBrain Nerve Response Science Form 2 none 2012 EXERCISE Sense of Touch PMR 07 http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/touch. htm Go to www. brainpop. com/health/integumentary/skin/index. weml examine a movie on the skin. For sonant access, go to www. icd. com. my 1. The sense of touch is the sense that is sensitive towards the touch stimulus provided by specific objects. 2. Organ involve in the detection of touch stimulus is the skin. 3. expression of human skin a) The skin divid ed into three stratum cuticle, dermis, fat layer (subcutaneous layer adipose layer fat layer) ) Receptors are cell in our body that detected stimuli. c) Our body have distinguishable types of receptors. These are i. pain receptor ii. touch receptor iii. heat receptor iv. cold receptor v. pressure receptor Sensory organ 1 Eye 2 Tongue 3 Ear 4 Nose 5 Skin Stimulus (a) Light (a) Chemical substance (a) Sound (a) Chemical substance (a) stale Pressure Pain Heat Detected by sense of (b) Sight (b) Taste (b) hearing (b) smell (b) touch Science Form 2 note 2012 d) The pain receptor is in the epidermis. e) The touch, heat and cold receptors are in the dermis.The pressure receptors are in the fat layer. f) Each type of receptor can detect only one particular stimulus. g) The part or our body contain receptor are called sensory organs h) These receptor have nervousness attached to them Draw figure 1. 3, rascal 6 4. The degree of sensitivity of the skin depends on the a) Thickness of the e pidermis The thinner the epidermis, the much sensitive the skin is to the stimulus b) Number of receptors present PMR 05 The more receptors found on the skin the more sensitive is that part of the skin. 5. The part of the body that have thin epidermis and many receptors sensitive to touch are ) lips b) fingertips c) behind the ears d) armpit e) the back of the neck 6. The part of the body that are not so sensitive to touch are the a) elbow b) knee c) palm of the hand and sole of the foot d) buttocks/hip 7. The parts of the body usually chosen by the vivify for injection are along the upper arm and the buttocks. This is because these parts have thick epidermis and fewer receptors. 8. Braille is a code made up of small raised dots on paper. Blind people use their sense of touch to read Braille. 9. Other functions of the human skin. i. Water proof prevent water loss from skin. ii.Prevents entry of microorganisms that cause illnesses. iii. Remove waste products excess water, urea and mineral salts. iv. Produces Vitamin D in the presence of the sunlight. v. Stabilise body temperature Science Form 2 note 2012 sweat glands produce more sweat to cool the body if body temperature rises. Quick en great deal Fill in the blank with the fitted terms given in the box. Receptors heaviness thinner sense of touch touch more number 1. The skin is an organ of __________________ 2. There are five types of __ ___ in the skin sensitive to various stimuli. . The sensitivity of the skin depends on the ___________ of the epidermis and the ____________ receptors on the skin. 4. The ____________ the epidermis, the more sensitive it is to stimulus. 5. The ________ receptors there are on the skin, the more sensitive it is to stimulus. 6. Blind people use their ____ to help them read Braille THE SENSE OF SMELL http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/smell. htm Go to www. innerbody. com/htm/body/html. choose nervous placement and click on the nose for detailed information. For easy acce ss, go to www. icd. com. my mucous secretion Sensory Cells (smell receptors) Nerve to brainNose Nasal cavity Air in tongue cap of the mouth nostril Science Form 2 note 2012 1. The nose is sensory organ for smell. 2. Cells sensitive to smell (smell receptors) are found on the spinning top of the pinched cavity. Draw figure 1. 8, page 9 3. Structure of the human nose. a. The human nose has a cavity lined with epithelium tissue. b. On the come forth of the epithelium tissue are the sensory cells know as olfactory cells. c.The surface of the nasal cavity is moist because of the mucus secreted by the cells of a gland. d. The nasal cavity has a pair of external opening (nostrils) which have hair to filter dust from the air inhaled through the nose. 4. The nose detects smell in the following way. The inside of the nasal cavity produce mucus v The chemical vapor entering nose during breathing dissolves in mucus. The dissolve chemicals stimulates the smell receptor at the top of the na sal cavity. The smell receptor then produce impulse which are sent through the nerves to the brain v The brain interprets / evaluates the smell . When we have a cold or flu, a lot of mucus is produce. The smell receptors are surrounded by this thick layer of mucus and vary little of chemical vapor gets to the smell receptors. Therefore, the smell receptors do not get stimulated enough to effectively function as a sensory organ of smell. 6. The sensitivity of the nose towards stimuli is influenced by the following factors PMR 05 i. The strength of the smell. A stronger smell will be detected by the nose intimately compared with a weaker smell. ii. The presence of mucus in the nose. A lot of mucus will reduce the sensitivity of the nose.Science Form 2 note 2012 Quick check 1. 3 1. Where are the smells receptors found? he top of t he nasal cavity 2. Explain why when we have cold or flu , the nose cannot function effectively as a sensory organ of smell The sensitive receptor cells cov ered with mucus block the chemical substances from bear on the smell receptors. THE SENSE OF TASTE http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/taste. htm draw figure 1. 10, page 11 1. The tongue is the sensory organ for taste. 2. The surface of the tongue has groups of cells known as taste buds which are sensitive to taste. . There are four types of taste buds on the tongue sensitive to sweet , bitter, sour and salty. PMR 03 4. The tongue detects taste in the following way Dissolved substance taste receptors message brain type of taste 5. The sense of smell helps the sense of taste . This explains why food treat not taste appetizing when we have a cold or flu because we cannot smell effectively Figure 1. 8 Structure of the human tongue and the areas of taste on the tongue Science Form 2 note 2012 The Sense of Taste and the Sense of Smell Go to www. brainpop. om/health/senses/taste/ Watch a short movie on taste and try a quiz about taste.. For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my 1. All o ur sense work unneurotic- sense of smell and taste are special partner 2. When we eat, our tongue gives us the taste and our nose smell of the food. THE SENSES OF HEARING http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/hear. htm 1. The ear is the sense organ that is sensitive to sound stimuli produced by vibrating object. 2. A human ear has three main part. i. the outer ear, alter with air. ii. The center(a) ear, filled with air. iii. The inner ear, filled with liquid Draw figure 1. 15, page 14 3.Function of the different parts of the human ear. Salin table 1. 4, page 15 Science Form 2 note 2012 The Hearing Mechanism Lukis/Photostat figure 1. 16 m/s 15 FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE HUMAN EAR Part function outer(prenominal) EAR Pinna collects and directs sound waves into the ear canal. ear canal / auditory canal transmits sound waves to the eardrum. Eardrum vibrates and transmits sound waves to the ossicles. MIDDLE EAR Ossicles intensify the vibrations of the sound waves by 22 times befo re transmitting to the oval window. Eustachian tube balances the air pressure at both side of the eardrum. val window transmits sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear. INNER EAR Cochlea transforms sound vibrations into impulses. semicircular canals balance the body position. auditory nerves send messages to the brain which interprets the messages as sound. Limitations of hearing. 1. We cannot hear all the sounds around us. 2. The range of frequencies of hearing in man is 20 Hz until 20 000 Hz. The following table shows the range of frequencies of hearing of several animals ANIMAL put of FREQUENCIES snake 100-800Hz frog 50-10 000Hz dog 10-50 000Hz cat 60-60 000Hz bat 1000-120 000Hz grasshopper 100-15 000Hz hale 10-50Hz Science Form 2 note 2012 3. Different people have different limitations of hearing. 4. For example, old people generally cannot hear as well as young people. 5. Our ear drum become less sensitive to sound as we grow older. 6. To overcome the limitations of hearing, we use i. the stethoscope enables doctor to detect the soft heartbeats of patients. ii. hearing aids collects sound signals before being sent to the middle ear. iii. amplifier boosts weak sound signals. Stereophonic hearing Go to http//www. wardless. co. uk/hearing aids/twoEarsBetter. html Find out more about stereophonic hearing from this website or other websites. . For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my 1. Stereophonic hearing is hearing using both ears. 2. The advantages of stereophonic hearing i. enables the direction of the source of hearing to be detected more accurately. ii. This is because the ear nearer the source of sound receives sound louder and earlier than the other ear. iii. Animals that have stereophonic sound can detect the presence of preys and predators more quickly. Properties of sound (see page 16 science volume 1) 1. The transfer of sound requires a medium. 2. ound can transferred through b. solids c. liquids d. gases e. cannot be transferre d through in vacuum. 3. Sound can be transferred immediate in solids and slowest in gases. 4. This is because the particles in solids and liquids are closer each other compared to the molecules in gases. 5. Vacuum is space that does not have any particles. Science Form 2 note 2012 6. Speed of sound transferred in various media. MEDIUM SPEED of SOUND (m/s) Air 340 Water 1500 Wood 3600 Iron 5000 vane 6000 Reflection and absorption of sound 1. Sound can be reflected or absorbed by the surface of an object. . The sound reflected repeatedly from one surface is known as echo. 3. Surfaces that are smooth, even and hard are good sound reflectors and produce loud echo. For examples, concrete, plank, metal and mirror 4. Surfaces that are rough, hollow and soft are good sound absorbers and produce weak echo. For examples cloth, sponge, cork, rubber, carpet and cushion. SENSE OF SIGHT http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/see. htm 1. The sense of sight is the sense that can detect light stimulus. 2. Structure of the human eye PMR 04 i. the sclera (outermost) ii. the choroids (middle) and iii. the retina (innermost) ukis rajah m/s 22 3. The function of each part of the eye. Pelajar diminta mencari maklumat ini (isi maklumat seperti jadual dibawah) Science Form 2 note 2012 part Structure / characteristic function sclera cornea choroids conjunctiva iris pupil Lens PMR 04 Transparent and elastic gibbose lens Refracts and focuses light onto the retina. ciliary muscle verifying ligament vitreous humour aqueous humour retina optic nerve Mechanism of Sight PMR 03, 07 1. The lens in the human eye is a transparent convex lens. 2. An inverted image is focused on the retina. 3.Light rays are refracted by the eye lens. The eye lens focuses the image onto the retina by changing the thickness of the eye lens. The thickness of the lens is changed by the ciliary muscles. i. Focusing near objects To focus near objects onto the retina, the ciliary muscles contract. The eye lens become thick er. ii. focusing removed object. To focus distant objects onto the retina, the ciliary muscles relax. The eye lens becomes thinner. draw figure How do we see m/s 23 Light and sight 1. Light is a form of energy. 2.. light travels at a speed of i. 300,000,000 meter/second (m/s) in the air. ii. 25,000,000 m/s in water iii. 200,000,000 m/s in supply 3. Light travels in a straight lines. Science Form 2 note 2012 Reflection of light. http//www. phys. ufl. edu/- delamater/optics_pictures. pdfsearch=what%20is%20incident%20and%20ref lected%20ray 1. Light can be reflected. (thats basal change direction) 2. When the reflected light rays enter our eyes, we can see the object. 3. The image in a plane mirror is, i. virtual (cannot be formed on a screen) ii. upright iii. laterally inverted iv. the same size as the object v. the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in mirror. deviation of light. PMR 03, 05 1. Refraction of light is the bending of light. This happens when light trave ls from one transparent medium to another which is of a different density. 2. The speed of light decrease when light enters a denser medium. 3. Light travels through media like air, water and glass. draw figure 1. 27 page 24 Experiment page 25. LAPORAN PEKA 1 Various defect of plenty. PMR 03, 06, 07 http//www. chemsoc. org/exemplarchem/entries/2002/upton/defects_of_the _eye. htm 1. Two viridity vision defects are long-sightedness (hypermetropia) and short-sightedness (myopia).Science Form 2 note 2012 2. Comparison between long-sightedness and short-sightedness. Comparison between long-sightedness and short-sightedness Short-sightedness Differences Long-sightedness 1. Symptoms of defect. 1. 2. Causes of defect 1. Position of image of object Lihat power berth Diagram Science Form 2 note 2012 Correction method 3. Astigmatism is another vision defect. i. Its caused by the cornea and the eye lens that are not evenly curved. ii. As a result, the image formed on the retina is distorted and not clear (hazy/blurred). ii. This defect can be overcome by exhausting glasses with cylindrical lenses or contact lens or by surgery. 4. Optical illusion. http//www. michaelbach. de/ot/ http//www. indianchild. com/3d%20mainpage. htm i. Optical illusion occurs when the brain cannot interpret impulses received properly. ii. Examples of ocular illusion. draw figure 1. 41 page 30 5. Blind spot i. The silver screen spot is a spot on the retina of the eye that cannot detect light stimulus. ii. The image of the object formed at the blind spot cannot be seen by the eye because there are no light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) at the blind spot.Experiment seperti ms 29 Monocular and stereoscopic vision. http//nzphoto. tripod. com/sterea/3dvision. htm Science Form 2 note 2012 1. The stereoscopic vision is vision using both eyes. 2. The overlapping area of the vision of both the left and right eyes is called stereoscopic field 3. Advantages of stereoscopic vision. a. See three-dimens ional pictures of objects. b. Enables more accurate estimation of distance and position. c. Animal predators ordinarily have stereoscopis vision so better estimate the distance when getting to pounce on their prey. draw figure 1. 3 page 31 4. Monocular vision is a vision using only one eye. 5. The advantage of monocular vision is having a wide vision field. 6. Its disadvantage is that it cannot estimate distance accurately. 7. Animal preys use monocular vision to detect predators coming from all direction. draw figure 1. 42 page 30 Appropriate devices to overcome the limitations of sight Go to www. google. com. Type LASIK or PRK . you can get more information about the latest technologies to correct the different types of defects of vision. 1. Optical devices are invented to increase the ability to see minute or very distant objects.INSTRUMENT FUNCTION Microscope To see minute objects such as microorganisms and bacteria. Telescope to see far-off objects such as stars and planets. B inocular to see lilliputian distant objects such as birds in the sky. Magnifying to magnify tiny objects to become glass larger than original. Science Form 2 note 2012 STIMULI AND RESPONSE IN PLANTS. Go to www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Biobook TOC. html Click on 24 plant hormones and nutrition then plants respond to external stimuli.. For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my . Movements of any plant parts towards stimuli are known as tropic movement or tropism. 2. Type of tropism a. Growth of plant part towards an external stimulus is known as positive tropism. b. Growth away from an external stimulus is known as negative tropism. 3. Tropism responses in plants include a. Phototropism PMR 03, 08 b. Geotropism PMR 06 c. Hydrotropism PMR 03, 08 d. Thigmotropism move towards to obtain support e. Nastic movement move run away Salin nota sendiri dari buku teks m/s 33, 34, 35 masukkan gambar rajah sekali . . tammat

Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism

In America, there is a predominant growth in multiple ethnicities and cultural backgrounds leading to the usage of multiple wordss in the American culture. There is a growing need for many an(prenominal) people to learn and put on multiple languages within the workplace and within ones own personal life. The importance of multilingualism and the get byledge of multiple languages is ever increasing, and therefore becoming more than important for the younger generations. The push for wise(p) multiple languages and becoming bilingual has many potential negative and positive effects.Bilingualism is the ability to use dickens languages when communicating orally or in writing. The usage of multiple languages within the American culture is becoming very common and beneficial. It is difficult because as determineer you always defend to control new and interesting methods in order to arouse learners interest, but at the said(prenominal) time it is enjoyable since teachers be give n the chance to work with them. For myself, I enjoy working with bilingual clawren I as a caregiver drive to learn the students first language so that I entrust be able to conk with them as much as possible in their native language.Currently in my classroom I have a German native. His name is Lucas and he is fifteen months old. His m some other is German and his father is an American soldier. Both of his parents direct English and German. So at ingleside they communicate with him in both languages. I talk to his mother and father on a daily basis to find out new lyric in German so that I can talk to him in both languages. I have discovered that some words that I do say in German he really does respond to them better, than if I would tell him to do some involvement in English. Second language acquisition is the process of acquire other languages in addition to the native language.Second language acquisition is a long process which can include many stages. For instance, a ch ild who speaks German as the mother tongue starts learning English when he/she starts going to school. English is learned by the process of stake language acquisition. Students of here and now language acquisition go through the same stages of learning, the period of learning varies. round students tend to learn better by responding to visuals and pictures. There are many positive benefits in the acquisition of a sanction language and bilingualism. There are many positive affective factors for uphold language acquisition and bilingualism.Some positive factors can be listed as the students attitude towards learning the new language, the teacher motivational attitude, and the proficiency in the students first language. Also learning a second language at an early age can have a positive effect on intellectual growth, and also enhance and enrich the childs mental and development. Furthermore it can open the doors of opportunities to other cultures and help the children learn and ap preciate other people from other countries. There are two events of bilingualism. The first type is simultaneous bilingualism.Simultaneous bilingualism is when children acquire two languages prior to the age trio. Simultaneous bilingualism unremarkably happens when the language used at home is different from language used in the community or school. The parents, caregivers or other family members might non speak the language of the school or the community, or the parents could speak two or more languages but have made a decision about which language they speak with the child. (http//www. flairy-child. com/article/bilingual. shtm) The second type of bilingualism is straight bilingualism. Successive bilingualism refers to instances in which a child acquire their second language after the age of three (Otto, 2010, pg. 71). Once they have reached the successive bilingualism stage some children learn their second language formally through school or through language classes. With su ccessive bilingualism a child has the advantage of their first language as a base. They use this to both analyze and develop the second. For example, the child knows that language is organized in a particular order. The more mature a child is they also have a better vocabulary base, acoustic perception, and comprehension.Therefore they would make fewer errors in a second language. For example, I once worked with a little boy, Julien, he rundle NO English when he entered my classroom (only Spanish) also, and his mom spoke NO English. As time passed he picked up English but when he got angry he would spout off in Spanish. ABSOLUTELY the cutest thing I ever saw When parents to do not speak English I take that as a learning opportunity for myself and the parent. I try to communicate in that parents native language as best as I know how. Even if that message only knowing the basics.As the year progressed, the parent also learned how to speak English from taking classes on the army inst allation. When she could finally communicate with me she was very excited and so was I. Our relationship really grew. However, there is a critical period of learning a second language, Many linguists believe there is a critical period (lasting rough from birth until puberty) during which a child can easily acquire any language that he or she is regularly exposed to. Under this view, the structure of the brain changes at puberty, and after that it becomes harder to learn a new language.This means that it is much easier to learn a second language during childhood than as an adult. Apart from the above, children do tend to develop more native-like pronunciation when bilingualism begins in advance adolescence. (http//www. brainy-child. com/article/bilingual. shtm) With that being said children tend to learn a second language better before the age of fifteen. Learners and their learning strategies will change over time. A five year old will have a different language learning profile a nd language learning strategies than a fifteen year old. (http//www. rainy-child. com/article/bilingual. shtm) As bilingual children acquire the home and target language they have been prove to mix the languages in the same communicative interaction. This is known as language interference (Otto, 2010). Code mixing is also when the children appear to be mixing the two languages. When the children code mix this may simply reflect their parents use of the two languages. It can also reflect the attempts to maintain a conversation when knowledge of the second language is not sufficient to express the desired message. (Otto, 2010, pg. 72).I have seen this happen on a regular basis in the preschool classroom. One incidental I remember, I was joining my son for lunch and I was passing the lunch to the child next to me, when handing him the ham in the container, he replied no bitte which means no thank you. He said no in English and thank you in German. According to Otto, the author of La nguage development in untimely Childhood, Codeswitching is distinguished from code mixing and language interference by the speakers apparently conscious and deliberate use of two languages within the same sentence or from one sentence to another (Otto, 2010, pg. 2) Codeswitching usually occurs when a idea label is not available in the language being used. When talking to my father he uses codeswitching all time. He would be in the middle of a conversation with me speaking to me in English and if he does not know the correct word in English he would automatically say it in Spanish. I never knew that there was a craftal word for this type of language. In the past, especially prior to 1960, bilingualism was thought to be an educational handicap (Otto, 2010, pg. 72).It was believed that children could not learn a second language, while maintaining their first language (Otto, 2010). This is termed subtractive bilingualism. When a child encounters subtractive bilingualism this could res ult in the negative impact on the families. The communication between the families can become disrupted. Prior to the 1970s search has change magnitude our understanding of the factors involved in second language acquisition (Otto, 2010, pg. 73). We as educators need to get involved and help children and their amilies that are bilingual. Current approaches to bilingualism underscore the acquisition of the second target language, with the continued development of the home language. This approach is also referred to the as additive bilingualism because a childs language skills are enhanced in both languages (Otto, 2010, pg. 73). Immersion programs promote additive bilingualism for majority language speakers. These are highly valued educational programs. Although teaching is provided in the second language, the teacher knows and may use both languages.For example, the Child Development Center that I work for here in Hohenfels, Germany offers immersion programs to the military commun ity. They offer German and Spanish immersion programs. I believe that these are great programs and that will be very helpful for our community, being that we have some many bilingual families in our community. Right know the classes are offered for children ranging from ages three years until twelve years of age. Also in the Hohenfels community there is Host Nation classes offered at the Elementary school.The host nation class teaches basic German words. This class also teaches the German customs. The class is offered twice a week in twoscore five minute blocks. This class is very beneficial when you are in a different country. I went out to eat with my co-worker and her daughter is in the fifth grade, and just from her attending those classes twice a week she was able to order my food for me at the restaurant. I was impressed. Just being able to communicate basically and the read the menu, is what she has learned from her host nation class at school.As mentioned before, I believe the younger the child is, the better the time is to teach a child a second language. Children who have acquired a level of fluency in two languages have been described as having the following increased language competencies higher levels of metalinguistic awareness, greater and earlier awareness of language structure, wider perspectives, and more social skills (Otto, 2010, pg. 73). This supports the claim of there being positive effects to bilingualism. Language is not taught directly, but it is acquired through ways which are clearly understood in a low anxiety environment.I am seeing this in my profession more and more each day. The amount of importance put onto second language acquisition is much higher that it has been before at least it is more profound now. As a caregiver, I have learned that relationships and learning opportunities will allow children to strive in acquiring a second language. Children and families will continue to learn English as they come to the land of the American Dream, and caregivers, like myself will only slowly begin to see the effects second language acquisition has on our society.ReferencesOtto, B. (2010). Language Development In Early Childhood. (3rd Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ PearsonBRAINSKILLS.(2011).How does language acquisition happen? .Retrieved from http//www.brainskills.co.uk/HowDoesLanuageAcquisitionHappen.htmlBrainy Child.(2011).The intrusion of Bilingualism on Overall Language Development and Academic Success .Retrieved from http//www.brainy-child.com/article/bilingual.shtm)Education.(2011).Becoming bilingual acquiring two languages.Retrieved from http//www.education.com/reference/article/bilingual-acquiring-two-language/Alice Callaghan. (2010,July11). English immersion.Los Angeles Times,p.A.33. Retrieved skirt 01, 2011, from Los Angeles Times. (Document ID2078277161).MacLeod,A.,Stoel-Gammon,C..(2010). What is the impact of age of second language acquisition on the production of consonants and vowels among c hildhood bilinguals?The International Journal of Bilingualism,14(4),400-421,511. Retrieved March 01, 2011, from Research Library. (Document ID2266735221).

Fast food restaurant Essay

Introduction Fast sustenance is the term given to food that can be prepared and served rattling quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fasting food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with low quality preparation and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. memoir The concept of ready-cooked food for sale is closely connected with urban development. In ancient Rome cities had street stands that sold bread and wine. A fixture of eastern just about Asian cities is the noodle shop.Flatbread and falafel are today ubiquitous in the Middle East. Popular Indian fast food dishes include vada pav, panipuri and dahi vada. In the communicative nations of West Africa, roadside stands in and around the larger cities continue to Sellas they have done for generationsa range of ready-to-eat, char grilled. Meat sticks know locally as brochettes. Market size and major players Dominated by McDonalds having as many as 123 outlets. Dominos pizza is present in around 274 locations. Pizza hut is also catching up and it has planned to establish 147 outlets at the end of 2009.Subways have established around 145 outlets. Nirulas is established in Delhi and Northern India. However, it claims to cater 50,000 guests every day. It has future expansion plans for much than 50 outlets every year, for next three years. Major players in fast food McDonalds 132 outlets KFC 72 outlets Pizza hut 147 outlets Dominos Pizza 274 outlets Cafe Coffee Day 833 outlets Barista 200 outlets Fast food contains high amount of Calories complete(a) Fat Carbohydrates Sugar Sodium Proteins Why do people eat it? ?Quick and Easy ?Tastes good ?Provides satiety and comfort?Its everywhere double Income families ?Work day-away from home ?Shifts in Traditional Food habits ?High income urban dwellers ?Variety of choice of foods ?Home delivery, take-away restaurants, American chains INDIA EMERGING trade FOR GLOBAL PLAYERS The percentage share held by foodservice of total consumer expenditure on food has increased from a very low base drastically. Eating at home remains very much ingrained in Indian culture and changes in ingest habits are very slow moving with barriers to eating out entrenched in certain sectors of Indian orderliness.The growth in nuclear families, particularly in urban India has decreased drastically. India, exposure to global media and western cuisine and an increasing number of women joining the workforce have had an impact on eating out trends. Major players of fast food in India Mc Donalds KFC Pizza hut Dominos Pizza Coffee day Barista Kentucky ambiguous- heat up Chicken About the Company KFC Corporation, or KFC, founded and also known as Kentucky fry Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky. KFC is a brand and operating segment, called a concept of YumBrands since 1997 when that company was spun off from PepsiCo as Tricon international Restaurants Inc. KFC primarily sells chickenhearted in form of pieces, wraps, salads and sandwiches. While its primary focus is fried chicken, KFC also offers a line of roasted chicken products, side dishes and desserts. away(p) North America, KFC offers beef based products such as hamburgers or kebabs, pork based products such as ribs and other(a) regional fare. The company was founded as Kentucky Fried Chicken by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952, Menu items.KFCs specialty is fried chicken served in various forms. KFCs primary product is pressure-fried pieces of chicken do with original recipe. The other chicken offering, extra crispy, is made using a garlic marinade and double dipping the chicken in flour before deep frying in a modular industrial kitchen type machine. Kentucky Grilled Chicken This marinated grilled chicken is targeted towards health-conscious customers. It features marinated breasts, thighs, drumsticks,and wings that are coated with the Original normal seas onings before being grilled.It has less fat, calories, and sodium than the Original Recipe fried chicken. Nutritional value KFC formerly apply partially hydrogenated oil in its fried foods. This oil contains relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) filed a court case against KFC, with the aim of fashioning it use other types of oils or make sure customers know about Trans fat content immediately before they profane food. Advertising One of KFCs latest advertisements is a commercial advertising its wicked crunch box meal.The commercial features a fictional black metal band called Hellvetica execute live, the lead singer then swallows fire. The commercial then shows the lead singer at a KFC eating the wicked crunch box meal and expression Oh man that is hot. In 2007, the original, non-acronymic Kentucky Fried Chicken name was resurrected and began to reappear on company marketing literatur e and food packaging, as well as some restaurant signage. KFC Business Strategy KFC fast-food chains are currently under the restaurant division of PepsiCo Incorporated.Some major threats include the changing attitudes of society toward healthier eating habits, KFC has more than 9,800 outlets located in 77 countries. In marketing, KFC restaurants are not restricted from locating within close proximity of other KFC restaurants. There are two alternative strategies for KFC. The first strategy involves keeping PepsiCo beverage division and snack foods division together, and a divestiture of PepsiCo restaurant division interchange Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and KFC. MC Donalds About the companyMcDonalds is the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 31,000 local restaurants serving more than 58 million people in 118 countries each day. More than 75% of McDonalds restaurants world wide are owned and operated by independent local men and women. The warm foundation that he built co ntinues today with McDonalds vision and the commitment of our talented executives to keep the shine on McDonalds Arches for years to come. To read more about McDonalds history, vision and executives, click on their links in the left menu.We drive our business momentum by focusing on what matters most to customers. Our owner/operators, suppliers and employees work together to meet customer needs in uniquely McDonalds ways. The powerful combination of entrepreneurial spirit and System wide alignment around our Plan to Win enables us to execute the best ideas with both large-scale efficiency and local flair. Products McDonalds predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken sandwiches and products, French fries, soft drinks, breakfast items,and desserts.In most markets, McDonalds offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. Portugal is the only country with McDonalds restaurants serving soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characterist ic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious proscription of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia). Advertising.McDonalds has for decades maintain an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the Olympic Games, and makes coolers of orange drink with their logotype available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the companys advertising strategy. To date, McDonalds has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions.At times, it has run into trouble with its campaigns. PROBLEMS OF constancy I. E nvironmental friendly products appeal high Government is legislating laws in order to keep check on the fast food industry and it is punctuate more on the usage of bio-degradable and environment friendly products. But associated with this issue is the problem that fast food player faces the cost associated with the environment friendly product. They cost much higher than the normal products that companies uses for packaging or wrapping their products.II. Balance between societal expectation and companies economic Objectives To balance a societys expectation regarding environment with the economic burden of protecting the environment. Thus, one can see that one side pushes for higher standards and other side tries to beat the standard back, thereby making it a arm wrestling and mind boggling exercise. Health related issues obesity I. Studies have shown that a typical fast food has very high density and food with high density causes people to eat more then they usually need. II.Low calories food Emphasis is now more on low calorie food. In this line McDonald has a plan to introduce all white meat chicken. Mcnuugget is with less fat and fewer calories. beat analysis of fast food industry Strengths Quick service Affordable AttractionWeakness Different preferences Lack of customization Unhygienic and unhealthy Opportunities Growing nuclear families Growing urban lifestyleThreats Oppositions from various organization Location Ready-to eat Health concerns ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION 1. How often do you use fast-food services?a. Daily b. Weekly c. Fortnightly d. monthly 2. Which fast food restaurant would prefer? a. McDonalds b. KFC c. Pizza Hut d. Subway 3. What are the reasons for eating fast food? (You can tick more than 1) a. mien of products b. Price of the products c. Flavor of products d. Convenience of the products 4. What else do you buy when purchasing fast food? a. Carbonated (fizzy) drinks b. Coffee, tea c. Ice cream d. Crushers 5. What time would you n ormally buy fast food? a. Before 12 pm b. Between 12-3 pm c. Between 6-9 pm d. 10pm or later.

An Outline and Evaluation of Moral Development Through

An Outline and Evaluation of Moral Development by Piagets Theory and the Social Learning Theory Piaget (1932) developed a major surmise based on childrens cognitive methodology when approaching particular moral situations using the game of marbles and moral stories/dilemmas to evaluate the moral organic evolution a child. In his evaluation he categorised children into three stages of moral development i. e. pre-moral (0-5yrs), Moral Realism (5-8/9yrs), Moral Relativism (+9yrs).Concluding that children under five didnt rate moral abstract thought Piaget concentrated on the two latter stages. Piaget believed these stages be innate, they occur naturally only through cognitive development ordain a child begin to move from moral realism to moral relativism. Moral realism is when a child has a heteronomous moral perspective with unilateral follow come outing unconditional obedience to adults. They atomic number 18 egocentric and their moral judgement is based on consequences and intentions are not considered, with punishment being expiatory and ordinarily unjustifiably severe.When a child reaches the stage of moral relativism, they form an autonomous moral viewpoint, they check mutual respect and that rules are made through fond agreement. They are able to recognise that there is a grey area between right and wrong and their moral decisions are based on intentions rather than consequences. Punishment is reciprocal i. e. arrangements balance between severity of the crime and the punishment received. He noted the importance of a childs social purlieu and their interaction without an authority figure e. . in the school playground, here they learn to negotiate fight and will start to understand resolution/compromise. According to Wright (1971) Piagets theory is supposed to show how a childs practical moral development occurs but the evidence in fact was based on theoretical morality. Piaget linked this through the concept of conscious realization e. g. children can talk using the correct grammar ache before they realize that there are rules that govern grammar.Implying that a childs practical morality shapes their theoretical morality an adults moral influence wont affect but will only help and guide a childs theoretical morality catch up with their practical morality. Armsby (1971) suggests young children understand intention and show awareness to avoid damaging valued items, older children find it easier to differentiate the relation between intention and damage. Piagets stories confounds intentions and consequences, when approached separately Constanzo et al. 1973) confirmed that with adult chiding six year olds judged on consequence regardless of intention but with adult approval they as with older children will consider intentions. Notably, social consequences are related to parental tendencies as children generally will have more experience in dealing with ill-intended acts. To support Piagets theory, Kruger (1992, cited in Gross, 1996) tested conflict resolution amongst children with and without an authoritarian figures involvement by giving them two moral dilemmas and questioning them afterwards.The children who had been paired with an adult had less real insight, lacking moral reasoning because they had given way to the adults understanding. When questioned afterwards, they had a less sophisticated stance-point than the children who had been paired together, showing the advantages attributable to egalitarian active discussion. As Piagets investigations were only based on a small amount of subjects, whereas Jose Linaza (1984) interviewed several hundred children in relation to a number of games participants were from England and Spain, both boys and girls.He re-affirmed Piagets findings but found that depending on the games complexity this determined what age certain stages become more apparent, another notable finding was there was no difference between the English and the Spanish children. Turi el (1998) dilettantes Piagets methods regarding the moral dilemma questions used as a child would find it difficult to be morally judgemental because of the drastic difference in consequence. i. e. fifteen cups versus one cup, thus tempting the child to ignore intention.Rule et el. (1974) shows that young children understand the difference in intention, particularly dependant on whether the act is pro-social or contrary i. e. if an aggressive act is in defence of another or not. Bandura, McDonald. (1963) doubted Piagets theory in particular the concept of stages by explaining moral judgement through social learning theory, generally children imitated the models behaviour even if their reasoning differed.As social learning theory involves the key factors attention, retention, reproduction and motivation and children are said to be able to imitate others behaviour through observational learning, since moral behaviour can be observed and imitated there will be a clear link between S LT and moral development. Bandura et al(1961, cited in Haralambos & Rice, 2002) Bobo Dolls studies on SLT were criticised due to the artificial conditions i. e. he subjects were not geographically selected at random thus pre conditioning could have influenced results and because of the nature of the Bobo Dolls (they sprung back when struck) the children could then have perceived the aggression the models showed towards the dolls as a game. Therefore, the need to have an understanding for the aggression was lacking and since the children observed no vicarious punishment (verbal or physical) they would have no need to make a judgement, they didnt have any reason to dissuade them from performing the behaviour.Interestingly, Langer (1975) replicating Banduras try concluded that his techniques confused the children. After viewing the model half of the childrens moral judgements remained the same and when they did change their explanations didnt. When a child is trying to form appointme nt they will associate with and imitate/model themselves on other peoples behaviour/mannerisms. Though this is not confined necessarily and exclusively to parents as other family members, siblings in particular together with peers will play a significant part in a childs behaviour.A child may imitate a complete strangers behaviour especially if vicarious reinforcement is shown as the child then has the motivation to imitate this particular behaviour. Children may imitate behaviour without the insight to make a moral judgement. Notably, Hoffmans research observed that age dependant children are more in all likelihood to imitate a role models deviant behaviour rather than the models compliant behaviour, this emphasises a lack of moral development. (1970, cited in Bukatko & Daehler, 1998) Grusec et. l (1978) focused on whether or not a child would imitate a models good behaviour (donating/giving) with or without verbal education. What is shown in her results was that through observi ng, the majority of children, even without verbal instruction imitated the models behaviour. Nelson (1980) found that children as young as the age of three are able to make intentional based decisions regardless of consequence as long as information on intentions is made clear. Observational learning and principles of reinforcement can not adequately explain all aspects of moral development as a childs cognitive memberes are not fully explored.As explained by Turiel (1983) in this study, children who receive punishment too late for non-compliant behaviour seems to show a leniency towards deviant behaviour, the late timing mentioned only seems to confuse the children, once again showing a lack of understanding/judgement. Insightfully, the above-mentioned studies on moral development confirm clearly that children even from a very young age imitate other peoples behaviour and whether they understand the intentions or consequences of any particular behaviour is questionable especially at a young age.The concept of conscious realisation is a cognitive process which would only develop depending on the moral influences of a childs socialization, emotional attachments, level of education and life experience. Bibliography Armsby, R. (1971) A re-examination of the development of moral judgements in children. Child Development, 42, 1242-1248 Bandura, A. & McDonald, F. J. (1963). Influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping childrens moral judgments. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(3),274-281. Bukatko, D. & Daehler, M. W. (1998).Child Development A Thematic Approach. raw York Houghton Mifflin. p. 410. Costanzo, P. , Coie, J. , Grumet, J. , & Farnill, D. (1973). A re-examination of the effects of intent and consequence on childrens moral judgements. Child Development, 44(1), 154-161. Gross, R. (1996) Psychology The Science of Mind and Behaviour. London Houghton & Stoughton. p. 696. Grusec, J. E. , Kuczynski, L. , Rushton, J. P. , & Simutis, Z. M. (1978). Modelling, direct instruction, and attributions Effects on altruism. developmental Psychology, 14, 5157. Haralambos, M. A. & Rice, D. (ed) (2002).Psychology in Focus, Ormskirk Causeway Press. p. 316-317. Langer, J. (1975). Disequilibrium as a source of development. In P. Mussen, J. Langer, & M. Covington (Eds. ), Trends and issues in developmental psychology (pp. 22-37). New York Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. Linaza, J. (1984). Piagets marbles the study childrens games and their knowledge of rules. Oxford Review of Education, 10, 271-4. Nelson, S. A. (1980). Factors influencing young childrens use of motives and outcomes as moral criteria. Child Development, 51, 823-829. Piaget, J. (1952), Moral Judgement of a Child, London Routledge and K.Paul Rule, B. G. , Nesdale, A. R. , McAra, J. R. (1974) Childrens Reaction to the Information most the Intentions Underlying an Aggressive Act Child Development, 45(3) pp 794-798 Turiel, E. (1983)The Development of Social K nowledge Morality and Convention. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, Turiel, E. (1998) Moral development, in W. Damon (Ed. ),Handbook of Child Psychology, 5th Edition, Volume 3 N. Eisenberg (Ed. ), Social, Emotional, and Personality Development, pp. 863-932 (New York Wiley). Wright, D. (1971). The psychology of moral behavior. Middlesex, England Penguin Books.

Geographical Information Systems (Gis)

1. Spatial development argon what drive a GIS. Spatial features or entities and their attri plainlyes are stored in computers using a number of spatial info models. It is vital to understand the characteristics of them since the selective information model employed has considerable influence on the functionality of the GIS. Spatial information washstand represent satisfying origination features with discrete boundaries ( much(prenominal) as roads, buildings, lakes, rivers, administrative boundaries) as well as real world phenomena with non-discrete boundaries (such as precipitation and nutrient levels, terrain).The basic approaches are raster entropy model and sender data model. Depending on the attribute of problem that needs to be solved, the type of make ups that need to be made, and the data seed, either raster or vector, or a combination of the two can be ingestiond. Each data model has strengths and weaknesses in call of functionality and representation. Raster D ata Model Vector Data Model Descriptions The raster data model is the simpler model and is based on the division of reality into a regular grid of identically descriptord cells.Raster data represent the landscape as a rectangular matrix of square cells. In raster data model, attributes are limited to the numeric values of the cells themselves, and man it is possible to link additional attributes to the groups of cells having same values, which is rarely done in coiffure beca using up of the low utilizing value and cumbersome data management. In vector data model, an objects shape is represented by dots which are located where the shape of the object changes.The dots which are known as vertices are joined by straight lines. Vector data represent features as discrete points, lines, and polygons. In vector model, as a point of difference, vector objects are additionally described by one or more characteristics, in GIS called attributes. Vector files attributes are stored in table s which consists of records (rows) representing individual features, fields (columns) representing a particular discipline describing the feature, and attributes that refers to an intersection between a record and a field. Advantages * The geographicalal location of to each one cell is implied by its position in the cell matrix. Accordingly, no geographical coordinates are stored other than an origin point. * Due to the reputation of the data storage technique data analysis is usually easy to program and quick to perform. * The innate nature of raster maps that is one attribute maps, is ideally suited for mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis. * Grid-cell systems are genuinely compatible with raster-based output devices. As reconnaissance satellites and aerial surveys use raster-based scanners, the information can be forthwith incorporated into GIS. * Data can be represented at its original firmness of purpose and form without customaryization. * vivid output is usually more aesthetically pleasing (traditional cartographic representation). * Allows precise representation of points, boundaries, and linear features. * complete geographical location of data is maintained. * Since most data, e. g. hard copy maps, is in vector form no data conversion is required. Allows for effective encoding of topology and operations that require topological information. Disadvantages * The cell size determines the resolution at which the data is represented. * It is especially difficult to adequately represent linear features depending on the cell resolution. Accordingly, net income linkages are difficult to establish. * Processing of associated attribute data may be cumbersome if large amounts of data exist. Raster maps inherently reflect only one attribute or characteristic for an area. Since most input data is in vector form, data must undergo vector-to-raster conversion. Besides increased processing requirements this may inscribe data integrity conc erns due to generalization and choice of inappropriate cell size. * Most output maps from grid-cell systems do not conform to high-quality cartographic needs. * The boundaries of the resulting map polygons are discrete whereas in reality the map polygons may represent continuous gradation or gradual change, as in soil maps. * The location of each vertex needs to be stored explicitly. Vector data must be converted into a topological coordinate to achieve effective analysis, which is often processing intensive and requires extensive data cleaning. * Continuous data is not effectively represented in vector form that usually requires substantial data generalization or interpolation for these data layers. * Spatial analysis and filtering within polygons is impossible. References Heywood, I. S. (2006). Heywood, I. , S. Cornelius, and S. Carver. parvenue York Pearson Prentice Hall. Lo, C. P. (n. d. ). Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information . Pearson didactics Inc. Technolog y, T.U. (n. d. ). The GIS Spatial Data Model. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from cosmos to Geographic Information Systems in Forest Resources http//courses. washington. edu/gis250/lessons/introduction_gis/spatial_data_model. html Buckey, D. J. (n. d. ). VECTOR AND RASTER ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from Biodiversity GIS http//bgis. sanbi. org/gis-primer/page_19. htm 2. staple concept of GIS As the name implies, geographic information systems (GIS) are systems designed to be input, store, edit, retrieve, analyze, and output geographic data and information.It is composed of an orchestrated set of parts, which includes computer computer hardware and software, space and organizations within which these reside, personnel who use the system in numerous levels and capacities, data and information upon which the system operates, clients who obtain and use the products, vendors who supply the hardware and software, and other systems within which the GIS funct ions. These parts allow it to perform its many inter relate tasks well. The main task of a GIS is to analyze spatially referenced data and information.There are dissimilar ways of classifying the analytical and modeling capabilities of GIS as many of these capabilities interact. Ultimately, the software most certainly contains algorithms and computer code specifically designed to (i) Organize geographic data within appropriate referencing systems, (ii) Selectively query those data and aggregate them for easy understanding, (iii) Count and appreciate both individual objects and collections of objects, (iv) Classify and reclassify objects based on user specified properties, (v) Overlay related thematic map data, vi) And be able to combine these individual techniques into ordered sequences of operations designed to wear some natural or anthropogenic activities for decision making. One of the purposes of using GIS is to take observations of the real world and simplify and scale the d ata into graphical elements to which are related descriptive features termed attributes. Database management system (DBMS) is utilize to maintain the attributes while the graphical elements are described in any one of two general types of spatial structure which are vector and tessellation.Vector structures which refer to discrete elements, points, lines, and polygons, are represented digitally by a series of 2-D coordinates (x and y) that imply magnitude and direction. Whereas tessellation refers to representation of spatial data with a network of elements such as rectangles, squares, hexagons, equilateral triangles, and irregular rectangles. In general, vector methods are more suitable for mapping and performing spatial queries, while tessellation is more suitable to represent continuous surfaces such as topography.The history of maturement of GIS parallels the history of developments in digital computers and database management systems as wells as those in cartography and mech anization of map production. The development of GIS has also relied upon innovations made in other sectors including geography, photogrammetry, remote sensing, civil engineering, and statistics. Generally, GIS can be in truth beneficial in various fields that some organizations are utilizing it, such as retail, utilities, environment, topical anaesthetic goernment, health care, transportation and financial operate.However, it could go wrong if the organization was not really sure how it could use it. It should be determined that how an organization uses spatial data and whether the current practices can be automated, and also range any unseasoned processes which would be useful to help decision making. Some hatful see that in that respect is no difference between computer- looked cartography (CAC), computer aided drafting (CAD), and GIS. Because the graphic display from these threesome systems can look identical to both casual and trained observers.Nonetheless, CAC computer systems that designed to create maps from geographical objects combined with descriptive attributes are excellent for display but lack of the analytical capabilities of a GIS. Also, for native mapping purposes, CAC is highly desirable for the input, design, and output of mappable data rather than working through the myriad analytics of GIS to prepare a simple map. Whereas CAD is developed to produce graphic images that is excellent for architects, but it is not confident of analyzing maps that it is the primary task assigned to the GIS.A successful GIS may not be an off-the-shelf solution to your problems, while it will require considerable thought for a successful implementation. Applications Nowadays, GIS technologies have been applied to diverse sectors to assist experts and professionals in analyzing various types of geospatial data and dealing with complex situations. GIS plays a vital role to help people collect and analyze related spatial data as well as to display data in different formats in business, education, transportation, public safety, natural resources, mapping and charting, geospatial intelligence, government, tourism, and health service.In agriculture, GIS can be very beneficial also as the ability of GIS to analyze and visualize agricultural environments and workflows has contributed much in the body politic industry. Balancing the inputs and outputs on a farm as a fundamental to agriculture success and gainfulness can be determined easily through GIS. Pest/ disease tracking, farm management, crop monitoring, counter prediction and soil analysis can easily be done through GIS.From mobile GIS in the field to the scientific analysis of production data at the farm managers office, GIS is play an increasing role in agriculture production by helping farmers increase production, reduce represents, and manage their land more effectively. In natural resource management, GIS has also played important role in various applications. For exampl e, groundwater recharge potential evaluation platform, soil database query system, biodiversity geographic information system, climate rainfall map system, private forest land management system, water body quality and pollutant management system, as well as rainfall analysis system.In planning and economic development, GIS helps economic developers in effective decision-making that it conducts analysis, displays and disseminates results and makes intercommunicate decisions about where to locate new businesses or grow existing ones. GIS technology is really powerful and efficient in helping economic developers sustain economic recovery and growth. The necessary platform for visualization, modeling, analysis, and collaboration can be provided by GIS tools and help the economic developers to achieve their goals.Next, for public safety, GIS contributes a lot especially in misfortune management. There are some systems introduced to detect and prevent disasters such as GIS-based campus emergency system, disaster prevention area planning, urban disaster prevention spatial system, and emergency response digital map platform. However, remote sensing can be combined with GIS to produce a better tool in disaster management. For example, the Wellington Regional Council (WRC) in New Zealand has developed a comprehensive library of seism hazard maps.The data have been digitized and forms part of the WRC GIS. Black and white copies of the maps are faxed to media outlets, police and emergency services while GIS/GPS were utilized to monitor the daily spread of the fire, measure fire suppression actions and assess injure to structures and to natural and cultural sources. Bibliography Basic Concepts. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 13, 2012, from http//www. ce. utexas. edu/prof/maidment/gishydro/docs/reports/smith/sect3. pdf Buckey, D. J. (n. d. ). VECTOR AND RASTER ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.Retrieved November 16, 2012, from Biodiversity GIS http//bgis. sanbi. org/gis-prime r/page_19. htm Demer, M. N. (2009). Fundamental of Geographical Information Systems (4th Edition). fall in States of America Wiley. GIS application in disaster management some examples. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 2012, 13, from GIS development http//www. gisdevelopment. net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0001. htm Heywood, I. S. (2006). Heywood, I. , S. Cornelius, and S. Carver. New York Pearson Prentice Hall. Linda Loubert, P. n. d. ). GIS for Economic Development. Retrieved November 13, 2012, from esri http//www. esri. com/library/bestpractices/economic-development. pdf Lo, C. P. (n. d. ). Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information . Pearson Education Inc. Rabley, P. (2009, June). GIS for Agriculture. Retrieved November 13, 2012, from ESRI http//www. esri. com/library/bestpractices/gis-for-agriculture. pdf SuperGeo. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 13, 2012, from GIS Applications http//www. supergeotek. com/library_GISApplication. spx Technology, T. U. (n. d. ). The GIS Spatial Data Model. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from Introduction to Geographic Information Systems in Forest Resources http//courses. washington. edu/gis250/lessons/introduction_gis/spatial_data_model. html 3. Future of GIS Geographical Information System (GIS) is a technological tool designed to store, analyze and display geographical data so that a person reading a map can select data necessary for a specific intercommunicate or task. The demand for GIS tools is constantly growing.Comparing to the early years of GIS one would dream up a new spatial widget, code it, and then attempt to explain to others how and why they ought to use it, nowadays GIS has been applied into various fields whether in data management, economic planning and development, agriculture, and public safety, whereas in future GIS application should be better than this and make jobs to be done more easily. Why is future of GIS valuable? One of the reasons is geographic information science as a new scienc e that is used to design future information systems.Also, it is valuable as it generates expansion into new fields and application areas, discovering new uses and solving problems. In future, the scientific visualization and computer graphics will be increasingly integrated with GIS capabilities, especially animated and interactive maps. The potential of future of GIS is far beyond the other sciences for the tools. In todays world, acquiring data for a new GIS is no longer a major problem. GPS has become a main source of new GIS data and comes increasingly from integrated GPS/GIS systems.Nevertheless, this GIS domain has always been the alfresco where GPS signals are strong and reliable. on that pointfrom this matter should be looked into that moving GIS indoors. We need techniques for the rapid, cheap, and accurate capture of 3D geometries and attributes, as well as efficient methods of determining indoor position. The market for solutions to the problem of moving GIS indoors an d integrating the indoors and outdoors really holds an enormous potential. By developing GIS trends, knowing where everything is can be very possible.Take consideration during emergencies but not invading privacy of ones, tracking individuals using the technologies of GIS would be very useful. For instant, it would be much easier to lookup for the possible victims if every inhabitant of the Wenchuan area of China had been tracked prior to the May 2008 earthquake. Furthermore, shifting GIS from the relatively leisurely process of analyzing static data to a far more dynamic process of real cartridge holder monitoring and decision making can be possible in future also.A GPS navigation system, supply by sensors, might show the state of congestion of the road system in real time an emergency manager might view the real-time situation of a disaster response and a public health researcher might monitor the real-time state of a disease outbreak. Nonetheless, as the progress of future of GIS is developing, we should also take the major influencing factors on it either positive or controvert into consideration.There are several positive influences of future of GIS that we can see, such as continuing hardware cost reductions and improved performance, improvements in storage capacities and performance, the improved capability and functional range of most software, the adoption of standards for GIS in many countries, the availability of a greater range of digital data sets, the greater recognition of GIS as valuable management tool, and also the perceived success of GIS in a number of varied fields.For the nix sides, the lack of government funding for basic research initiatives, too many systems are stand-alone applications having modest incentive to progress, the necessary implementation procedures are very complex, data costs can be prohibitive, too frequently data is difficult to integrate because of structure, accuracy, scale, level of aggregation, as well as th e legal concerns over the copyright of data. In conclusion, GIS can be very useful if researches of innovation and evolution can be made more.Of course, advantages and disadvantages of applications of GIS in future have to be concerned much so that it can be fully utilized and the consequence of GIS development can be minimized. Last but not least, there is one fact that is inescapable the world of GIS has always been full of surprises, and there is every reason to believe the future will be just exciting Bibliography Basic Concepts. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 13, 2012, from http//www. ce. utexas. edu/prof/maidment/gishydro/docs/reports/smith/sect3. pdf Berry, J. K. (2007). Topic 27 GIS Evolution and Future Trends. Retrieved