The Impact of the Automobile on the United States Essay -- Automobiles

The Impact of the motorcar on the joined States The automobile has had a profound impact on the United States. It has brought ussuperhighways, paved bridges, motels, vacations, suburbia, and the economic growthwhich accompanied them. Today, the self-propelled industry and well sensation million relatedindustries employ about twenty percentage of all American workers. The US produces much thanautomobiles than every other area combined. This product has become a symbol of theAmerican way of life. The US is sometimes referred to as a nation on wheels. Considering these facts, one must(prenominal) wonder what the United States was like before therevolutionary innovation of the automobile. The eldest automobile was invented by a French artillery officer, Nicholas JosephCugnot. His self-propelled fomite was powered by steam. Other models ofsteam-powered automobiles were created by different innovators, s autocely these models wereeventually made obsolete by the internal -combustion powered railroad car invented by Jean JosephEtienne Lenior. This technology reached the United States when Charles and FrankDuryea made the first in(predicate) American gasoline automobile. Ransom Eli Olds had theearliest assembly line for automobiles and began citizenry production. Later, Henry FordsModel T dominated the car industry and remained the most popular automobile for n untimelytwenty years. In the early days of the automobile, there was not a real automotive industry. Onlya few hundred cars were made in the early years of automobile manufacturing. They werevery seldom seen and only could be afforded by the wealthy. The car was such anunfamiliar spectacle, it was sometimes featured in circuses. Eventually, the car began toincrease in popularity. During the 1920s, the US economy was on the rise and one of the main reasonswas the automobile. Assembly lines were becoming more efficient, thus, admitting cars tobe made more cheaply and allowing prices of cars to drop. From 1909 to 1925, the priceof a Ford Model T dropped from $950 to $290. This allowed more people to be able toafford them. Millions were sold. The automobile, once a lofty luxury, was becoming apart of American life. It had a ripple install on US industries. With the increase inautomobiles, came an increase in related products. Large quantities of glass, rubber andsteel were needed t... ...nvolved with the safety of Americans. Many actions by the governmentsuch as the seatbelt requirement and the establishment of the Environmental justificationAgency (EPA) have made the automobile safer for the general public. The automobile has had numerous different effects on the United States, both good andbad. In the future it will continue to shape our culture, commerce and surroundings.Works Cited1Thomas DiBacco, Lorna Mason, Christian Appy, History of the United States, vol. 2 (Evanston McDougal Littell Inc.), p. 324.2John Rae, The American Automobile Industry, (Boston G.K. Hall & Company), p. 89-92.3John Rae, The American Automobile Industry, (Boston G.K. Hall & Company), p. 96.4John Rae, The American Automobile Industry, (Boston G.K. Hall & Company), p. 188.5John Rae, The American Automobile Industry, (Boston G.K. Hall & Company), p. 89-90.6American Lung Association of California, <http//www.californialung.org/support/outdoorair.shtml>, 13 April 2001.7National Center for Injury measure and Control, <http//webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus.html>, 14 April 2001.

Theseus Or Hercules? :: essays research papers

Theseus or Hercules?     Theseus is most worthy of emulation. He was a undischarged hero in capital of Greece."Theseus was, of course bravest of the brave as all heroes are, but unlike the early(a) heroes he was as compassionate as he was brave." (p. 159). Theseus alsowas a man of bravery, intellect and bodily strength. Hercules on the other handwas what all Greece except Athens most admired. He was very strong but wasnttoo smart. Hercules never thought of the consequences that his actions would add about before he followed through with them.     First, Theseus was very strong. He fought many a(prenominal) terrible horrendousmonsters such as the Mi nonaur, "..a monster, half bull, half human.." (p.151),and went on many great ventures such as the Quest for the Golden Fleece. Theseusshowed his great strength in adventures such as the one with the Minotaur.Hercules was also knotty in many great adventures in which his great str engthwas sh take in. Hercules was ofttimes stronger than Theseus, but Theseus made up forthis small loss in other ways.     Second, Theseus was very smart. Because of his great intellect theAthenians, people who valued thought and ideas, chose him and not Hercules astheir hero. Theseus escaped from the Labyrinth and killed the Minotaur. Neitherof these tasks were easy and required person with aptitude unlike Hercules.Theseus always thought things through and made pricey decisions. Herculesfoolishness was shown on many occasions such as when he killed his family andhis music teacher. Theseus intellect is one very valuable quality which makeshim more than worthy of emulation.     Third, Theseus was very brave. In fact he went on so many greatexcursions that a saying grew up in Athens "Nothing without Theseus" (p. 149).When it was time for Theseus to seek his father he would not go by water " ButTheseus refused to go by water beca use the journey was safe and easy." (p. 149).Theseus insisted to take the way by land. His idea was to become a hero asquickly as possible, and he accomplished his object by ridding the land of all thebanns to travelers on his way to find his father. Theseus had many otheradventures. He was on the Argo, in the Caledonian hunt, as well as many others.Hercules also had many adventures but his were often the result of his own

Is Macbeth a hero or a murderous tyrant? Discuss Essay

Macbeth, the Thane of Cawdor was a dispatchous tyrant without question. Macbeth was originally considered to be a gun at an early stage in the play however the mass of his Kingdom soon saw another side of him which turned him into a savecher. It is clear that through all of Macbeths schemes of seemly king, much(prenominal) as killing King Duncan and then his fri reverse Banquo, he was a bloodthirsty and ruthless man. This malicious and tyrannical behaviour was not seeming(a) in Macbeths character early in the scenes, but became plain as the play progressed and more and more people died because of him in an judge to keep a secret.Killing Duncan for his position of King was the secret that Macbeth tried desperately to hide. He and Lady Macbeth thought that the crime they had committed would advantageously be erased with the simple washing of hands to remove the blood. The criminal pair off went to the extent of framing other people for their crime so that they would not be even considered as the culprits. Dressing in their nightgowns before they went abide to bed and ridding their bloody clothes was withal an attempt to draw no suspicious attention to themselves. However, the traumatic incident that Macbeth experienced when killing an innocent, profound man was something that would haunt him for many nights to come. Macbeth became paranoid after the awful enactment and confided in Lady Macbeth saying thatMethought I heard a theatrical role cry Sleep no more to all the houseMacbeth shall tranquillity no more.As thoroughly as being preoccupied by his dreams at night, Macbeth had suspicions of Banquos knowledge of the impinge on and so, had to put an end to it.Macbeth, through his greed, murdered Duncan for power and the throne, and then, through the aid of henchmen, he killed Banquo also. To Macbeth, murder appeared to be the only sure way of keeping his secret that he was convinced Banquo would reveal.Our fears in Banquo stick deep, and in hi s royalty of nature reigns that which would be feard tis much he dares.Macbeth was scared that his and lady Macbeths crime may come undone and so, once again, took to murdering the innocent. As well as Banquo, Macbeth instructed the henchmen to make Banquos son Fleance, embrace the fate of that nighted hour. That is, kill Fleance also to stop him from revealing his fathers murderers, and therefore link it jeopardize to the King. This murderous intent from Macbeth was due to not only fear but also jealousy. Macbeth would not have royal descendants unlike Banquo agree to the witches. So, by murdering Banquo, he thought he would succeed in covert King Duncans death once and for all. By murdering Fleance, he would also prevent the line of Banquo continuing and becoming kings themselves. These actions of Macbeth were the beginning of the stage where he became desensitised to cold-blooded murder and therefore, as it did not affect him anymore, he became a ruthless and murderous tyran t showing no mercy.Macbeth had already been liable for two deaths (as Fleance escaped the attack) and was in no hurry to cease until his position of king was not threatened. His murderous ways had paid off to a degree and now, because of his confrontation with the three apparitions in the woods, he felt unconquerable as they said.None of woman born shall harm Macbethnever vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.It was after this discovery of his freshly charmed life, that Macbeth truly turned into the butcher that some had expected, and others had not. Originally know as brave Macbeth, over the series of murders and problems he had faced with beholding ghosts of Banquo, his fair, noble and valiant exuberance was lost and in its place, a malicious, rude and murderous tyrant was born.Tyrant was the name given to Macbeth and he lived up to his title (through the use of henchmen again) when he massacred Macduffs castle inhabitants. Macbeth was told to beware Macduff and when Macduff rebelliously refused doing something and fled to England, Macbeth was immediately angered, determined to get his own back.The castle of Macduff I allow surprisegive to the edge of the sword, his married woman, his babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line.Murderers seized Macduffs castle and everyone living there was brutally slain chthonian orders of the King. Even though all slaughtered were unknowing and innocent to matters regarding Macbeth, because of this desire to sustain Macduff, the emotional trauma would be the real weapon against him.Because of Macbeths murderous and tyrannical ways, being affected by death became an unheard of response and this was particularly evident when, conscionable prior to battle, he was notified of his married woman, Lady Macbeth, committing suicide. Macbeth only cared close this and was focused more on the war rather than his wifes tragic death. An explanation of this indifferent response is based upon himself becoming a murderous tyrant, desensitised to the extra execution of many innocent lives. Therefore, his wifes death held no importance, in fact more of a nuisance as She should have died hereafter there would have been a time for such a word. Macbeth had no understanding anymore about his actions.Macbeth was a murderous tyrant. The barbaric and ruthless actions that he went through with were unnecessary and were carried out for the tyrants personal power gain and perceptual constancy in the throne. A tyrant cannot be a wedge shape just as a hero cannot be a tyrant. The change from hero to tyrant in Macbeths self is clearly evident and cannot be mistaken for anything but murderous. Not grieving his wifes death, organising for his friends murder and murdering a good and noble king is evidence to prove that Macbeth was desensitised to killing. Macbeth killed everyone that essay to stand in his fates way and regardless of pureness they were brutally murdered. These actions clearly prove that Macbeth was an abominably murderous tyrant.

Prisoners Abuse in Guantanamo Bay Essay

Research indicates that the prisoners at the Guantanamo bay are usually subjected to torture by the prison administrators and guards at the bay. This torture is billed to come up as a declaration of the torture policy in the United States has led to to a greater extent inmates at the Guantanamo bay being treated badly by the prison administrators and guards, who eternally term them as animals, since they have no one in the legislative to represent them during their trials as they do not have plenteous friendship on the judicial ashess of their country.In the cases where the offenders are women who are in prison, they fade to at a lower placego a tougher physical and informal ab go for than if the offenders are utter to be men. The women ordinaryly suffer from mental illness due to the pass physical or sexual abuse. Apart from the above chore the women besides suffer from eating disorders eventing to health problems. DiscussionA great minute of detainees have been recorded to have been anguished pass oningly by the united states forces at the Guantanamo Bay while others are toss outed with no dry land this inmates are found to be mistreated in a appearance that can not be avoided this torture usually include sexual humiliation, threats put on the inmates with dogs these among others are filed as a mode of doubtfulness in the united states an example of this is in the case where the military guards at the Bay were reported to have hurt the Iraqi inmates whereby, we reckon that the prisoners were tortured as from being threatened with dogs, being striped naked and too they were forced to wear female underpants on their heads, it was believed that this techniques were authorized by the ripened states officials. (Bill 2004)We also find that, President shrubs administration has advocated for the use of electric shock devices to torture the prisoners at Guantanamo Bay this is well explained in a situation where we find that the state ha s been exporting devices such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the stun besidestons, stun guns among others being exported to other countries such as Cuba, Haiti, India, washout and Lebanon. In this case we find that many another(prenominal) companies dealing with the production of such weapons have been shipping these products without a license from the government. Through this, there has been an join on in the cases of torturing prisoners in other countries apart from the United States of America. A case of Zahide Durgun who was tortured by the Turkish police in Hakkari where she was tortured with electric shocks to her ear and was later beaten this happened as a result of the police wanting her to accept that she was a member of the political caller opposing the government of Turkey.This is well presented in the case released by the FBI report claiming that he had ordered the State to have an inhumane interrogation system against the Iraqis detainees these methods included the sle ep deprivation, stress positions and the use of military dogs it is because propounded that the exoneration department had adopted systems which were il legitimate and immoral in this instances we find that the CIA had many times refused to contradict the existence of many record of torture in America since it had been confirmed to be affect in the torturing of specially the prisoners in Iraq and in many other CIA facilities for detention globally. The federal has been engage in torturing its detainees in a manner that provokes their country of originality the stovepipe example for this is the situation where interrogation was being conducted by an official in the department of defense where the prisoner was wrapped in an Israel flag whereby the detainee was later shelled with loud music and strobe light. (Johnston, 2006)In the year 2002, the snow-clad House was opposed by the Collin Powell who was then the Secretary of the State who had cautioned about(predicate) the United States breaching the Geneva Convention but the federal went ahead claiming that, the countries inmates were not protected by the Geneva Conventions since whatever of the detainees were those from Afghanistan who were termed as illegal enemies, this because attracted the attention of most attorneys in the country who came up with legal guidelines for the unlawful act, this action made the military lawyers informed that the breaching of the Geneva convention will lead to the exposure of the states soldiers who were captured to the same torture, after which theses military lawyers took a note forward to see the international human rights lawyer Scott Horton asking the lawyer to give them a stipulated effort in the creation of an environment that has legal ambiguity and also one that shows how the Geneva Conventions was to apply to detainees in the Bay. (Scranton and Paula 1991)The personal effects of the Torture Policy on the Prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay The main policy implic ation that makes the nefariouss to be hard cores is always the length of time that the criminals go on in the jails. When they are released for example and directed to attend rehabilitation course of studys they sense to be wasted because they think that by serving in jail for a long period they are isolated in the nine and others whitethorn get involved in revenging activities which may cause them more danger of being punished.Under longer prison sentences at the Guantanamo Bay the offender has nothing that will guarantee him protection against the offence he commits which sometimes ends up wasting all his life in jail. cod to the limited informational, educational sources in the prisons, the offender finds it hard to accept diverge in his mode of life and the behavior that he is snareed in him/her. This means that there are no correction measures which makes the person to get under ones skin devastated psychologically consequently whim uneasy and may seek to make love where he need to help himself escape such a find oneselfing of loneliness and omit of social support through which he may decide to pay any price and sacrifice self-esteem thus forfeiting his life. (Eysenck and Hans, 1996)In some cases the offenders at the prison who are under lonesome confinement, are reported to be suffering from disruption of a normal mental function that is normally caused by threats, lack of sleep, starvation and idolatry of death. Though the incarceration form was meant to encourage a person to bear his own consciousness, it has only led to the offenders at the Bay being dysphoric because they are under jail conditions that are always cruel and not effective. The conditions in prisons are not normally conducive for an offender such as the coldness of the cells, the food given to the prisoners is always bad and lack of human decency plus noise normally causes resistance to the prisoners for rehabilitation programs. RecommendationsAs a recommendation for t he reduction of the prisoners torture at the bay we find that the US federal is urged to come up with laws that enable the treatment of criminals without coarse conditionality. Although, the offenders are entitled to ill-tempered constitutional laws, they have various rights in their lives including the right to be tried by the jury, to be cross-examined and the right to an warm trial. Since the smart set has developed a growing concern over the criminal behavior which is ever increasing, the justice system is urged to provide a inattentive preventive measure that will be aimed at preventing the members of the fiat from lenience in criminal activities.Due to growing concerns over the increased return of criminals, countries have formulated laws that ensure that the criminals especially those detained at the Guantanamo bay involved in criminal cases are restored back to being good plenty in the familiarity and they have identified rehabilitation policies or program as the b est way to nature them instead of putting them under torture like what is happening the Guantanamo bay. rehabilitation is widely believed by many to be the principal reason of reducing crime. (Committee on Law and Justice, 2004) Rehabilitation normally involves the teaching and training the persons who are addicted to a particular behavior to stop the defective behavior and try to become gratifying members of the society.Therefore under this, the society is given the responsibility of assisting these addicts or criminals by helping them to get hope through various programs that they will be educated thus helping them to heal their bodies and mind. The strengths associated with rehabilitation policies are that the addict will achieve through these Programs education which allows the offender an hazard to move into into the society as a responsible and productive citizen. For example, the people who afford rehabilitation programs are normally allowed to receive counselling and gu idance. For example a rehabilitation program may involve the offenders at the Guantanamo bay in doing community work, such as cleaning the environment and activities that they think suits to the ground of their interests.This will make them appreciate who they are and accept their presence and roles in the particular society. (Kleinman, 2000) The strength for rehabilitating criminals is that there is always a collective command that will be able to provide an environment favourable enough to meet the special needs of the offenders which will help them to join the society newly as responsible and respected persons. However, rehabilitation is prone to some weaknesses which hinder the process of trying to help the offenders to be good and genuine people in the society. For example, the criminals or offenders subjected to rehabilitation programs at the Guantanamo bay feel isolated in the society and thus will not corporate during the entire process.They view themselves as rejected p eople in the society who are treated maliciously. These aspects make them to feel unworthy in the society and hence after the rehabilitation programs they dont change but instead continue with bad behavior that they used to engage themselves in. alike another weakness is lack of government support in livelihood rehabilitation programs, for example laxity in neckclothing the programs thus a couple of(prenominal) drug addicts and criminal offenders are subjected to such programs. This has resulted to seeking donors who can fund the programs, an activity which is difficult because its very hard to find willing donors. (Eysenck and Hans, 1996) ConclusionTorture in the Guantanamo bay prisons is a major problem for many in America and other nations, but the war on Iraq and Afghanistan and the whole issue of terrorism has been stressing the Americans because of the harsh policies imposed by the Bush administration on torture. In general we can therefore infer that President Bush has not performed his responsibilities and the duties of the president in the maintaining the rights of the detainees in the necessitate way. America is not better of since Bush took over power therefore the next president has a lot of work ahead in rebuilding and restructuring the countrys prison administration, for this reasons the federal is given an opportunity to amend and address the effects caused by the torture policy in Guantanamo bay. (Scranton and Paula 1991)

Jon Benet Ramsey Case

Michael Pilkington 10/14/12 Ms. Chiolo Forensics JonBenet Ramsey Case Many spate know about the JonBenet Ramsey case. This case had to do with when a young missy was killed and effectuate in her own wine cellar. In the JonBenet case there were enigmas with the investigation, variant theories about the murder, and the media had an influence in the case. One problem with the JonBenet Ramsey case was that somewhat evidence wasnt collected.For model there was a flashlight found that could have been the murder weapon that wasnt collected as evidence. some other problem was that some of the detectives ego got in the way of declaration the case. For example bowlder, Colorado police denied dish up from the FBI, even though they have had no experience with murder cases that have national attention. One major problem was that the procedure that the police used for the case was improper. The police didnt reissue the parents even when they were both suspects. The media and the court of public opinion played a big role in the case.One way was that the media instantly blamed the parents for murdering JonBenet. The media had a couple of theories of how JonBenet was killed. One way was that JonBenet wet her bed and the mom got really mad and killed her. Another theory was that JonBenets brother killed her because she got a fold of attention from being in beauty pageants for girls, and he wanted to a greater extent attention. The media trashed the Ramseys reputation by making people think that they were guilty. Since the media label the Ramseys guilty, people were close-minded to other ideas of what else could of actually happened.There was one theory though that was the most likely of being true. This theory was called the intruder theory. There were a couple of ways this was the most likely way JonBenet died. One fix of evidence that supports the intruder theory is that there was a unlocked basement window that had been recently opened and closed, and that an intruder could have gotten entry to the home plate from. Another piece of evidence was that there was DNA on JonBenets body that was male, and didnt match another family member. Also there was a similar attack months later that was similar to the JonBenet Ramsey murder.There was a man who broke into a house (that is close by to the Ramsey house) and sexually assaulted a 14 year old girl. Upon reviewing how the investigation was done from the start it is apparent that the media and the Boulder Colorado police department did not help in solving the case. It is unfortunate that Mrs. Ramsey passed away and that the rest of the family has been unable to see justice done. I do believe in some of the other theories and hope that with the help of time and persistence with the Police and the FBI they will eventually solve the case.

Pansit Pansitan Research

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Early liquefiedity go on sludges were made primarily for hospitals, restaurants and public facilities where regular mitt swear out was adoptd. The original easy lays were thicker and required a particular type of pump dispenser to return the ingathering. The dispensers were dear(predicate) in spite of the fact that they clogged easily and were in constant need of repair or replacement. This combination of problems kept lucid easy lays out of the ho drophold for many years.Eventually, consumer demand for a home mutation of mobile max could non be ignored, nor could the additional qualities the customer wanted from the scoop be overlooked. round wanted slash that would soften egests. well-nigh wanted one that soothed irritated skin. Others wanted the anti bacteriuml qualities rear in medical checkup versions. This opened the floodgates for the wide variety of limpid give whip products found in the marketplace to day. Pansit- pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) is a herbaceous whole shebangal medicine withal known as Ulasiman- bato, olasiman- ihalas & angstrom unitamp tangon-tangon in the Philippines.Pansit- pansitan can be found wild on lightly shaded and damp atomic number 18as such as nooks, walls, yards and even roofs. Pansit- pansitan has heart shaped leaves, succulent stems with tiny f paltryers on a spike. There has been a record that the mothanolic extract of the set up has anti microbial properties. The extract from Pansit- pansitan (Peperomia pellucida), the manifold showed qualityificant bacteriacide action at law against 3 Gram- negatice bacteria (E coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S thyphi. )The researchers expect that the get to welt, apply Pansit- pansitan extract as an dynamical ingredient, bequeath be much streamlined and less expensive than the commercialized hand mucks. Statement of the Problem 1. Can Pansit- pansitan fluid hand semiliquid state ecstasy be as good as the commercial liquid hand sludge in impairment of 2. 1 constitutional entertain zone of ban? 2. 2 responsiveness place? 2. 3 restrictive performance paygrade? 2. Is thither a hearty difference amongst Pansit-pansitan liquid hand lash and commercial liquid hand scoopful in name of natural soaked zone of inhibition? . Is in that location a pregnant difference mingled with the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand max and commercial liquid hand scoopful in terms of reactivity rate? 4. Is thither a significant difference mingled with the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand lash and commercial liquid hand ooze in terms of inhibitory activity? Hypotheses 1. Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap can non be as good as the commercial liquid hand soap in terms of 1. 1 total mean zone of inhibition? 1. 2 reactivity paygrade? 1. 3 inhibitory activity rating? 2.There is no significant difference amid the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of total mean zone of inhibition. 3. There is no significant difference betwixt the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of reactivity. 4. There is no significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of inhibitory activity. Significance of the Study Hand is attached in bacteria and can be a vector in transmitting various pathogens that cause diseases.If the Pansit- pansitan hand soap al pocket-size for be effective in reducing bacteria then this can derive distinguishable people in many ways. One example ar the manufacturers of liquid hand soap. Instead of exploitation chemicals which are harmful and heavily to find, the manufacturer may produce to use Pansit- pansitan extract as an additive ingredient for hand soap. The results of the take apart can be a interview for future researchers. Scope and Delimitations This t to each oneing primarily focuses on the use of Pansit-pans itan liquid hand soap as an alternative in commercial liquid hand soap.The separate components of making the liquid hand soap including triethanolamine gelatin resolve, fragrance oil, polykleer, result be bought at Swiss Fragrance, located at Blk 2 Plot 1 April Extention Congressional Avenue, Quezon City. The researchers will be using 4 set-ups. The starting line 3 set-ups will be the experimental set-ups. They will be Set-ups A, B and C. Set-up A will contain 12. 5 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 2. 5 mL of triethanolamine, 3. 75 mL of gel solution, 1. 25 mL of fragrance oil, 3. 75 mL of polykleer and 1. 25 mL of water. Set-up B will contain 18. 75 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 1. 5 mL of triethanolamine, 1. 90 mL of gel solution, 0. 60 mL of fragrance oil, 1. 90 mL of polykleer and 0. 60 mL of water. Set-up C will contain 6. 50 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 3. 75 mL of triethanolamine, 5. 60mL of gel solution, 1. 90 mL of fragrance oil, 5. 60 mL of polykleer, 1. 90 mL o f water, Set- up D will be the commercial liquid hand soap which will be the reserve sort. still the anti-bacterial property of the Pansit-pansitan hand soap in terms of fare mean(a) zona of Inhibition, responsiveness Rating and restrictive body process Rating will be dictated.To do this, all the samples will be submitted to the Department of attainment and Technology-Taguig (DOST-Taguig) for science research laboratoryoratory analysis. To analyze the results, they will be subjected to t- psychometric test. This will identify if in that respect is a significant difference among the set-ups. Definition of Terms 1. Inhibitory Activity- the skill of a substance to resist the incursion of microorganisms such as bacteria. 2. Reactivity Rating- It specifies the rate at which the liquid hand soap reacts with the staphylococcus aureus. 3. Total opine regulate of Inhibition- the region that resists the entry of microorganisms such as staphylococcus aureus.CHAPTER II REVIEW O F RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE colligate Studies A use up about Pansit pansitan was conducted by the Department of Pharmacy, University of Bangladesh. In this study, Patuloside A (3-? -D-glucopyranosyloxy-1,5,6-trihydroxy-9H-xanthene-9-one) is a xanthone glycoside disjointed from Peperomia pellucida using chromatographic techniques (TLC, PTLC, GC) and the structure was confirmed on the basis of spectral data (liquid chromatography/electrospray-mass spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR including JMOD, COSY, NOESY, HMBC, HSQC).In vitro bacteriacide, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of the compound were studied. Disc scattering technique was use to determine in vitro bactericide and antifungal activities. Cytotoxicity was pertinacious against brine shrimp nauplii. In addition, token(prenominal) inhibitory meanness (MIC) was determined using serial dilution technique to find out antibacterial potency. The compound showed significant antibacterial activity against four Gram-positi ve bacteria ( group B subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus ? haemolyticus) and six Gram-negative bacteria (Escheichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonus aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi). The MIC look ons against these bacteria were ranged from 8 to 64 g/mL. The compound showed weak antifungal activities against genus Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. In cytotoxicity determination, LC50 of the compound against brine shrimp nauplii was 18. 24 g/mL. (Retrieved from http//astonjournals. com/lsmr at 300 pm on January 21, 2012. )This study aims to check the antibacterial activity of various branded soaps against bacteria that are universally present in the environment. The proposed study includes selection of nigh common bacterial attempts from the environment. Identification of bacterial strains was make by standard microbiological techniques, which include gram staining, biochemical examination and advanced identification by uninflected profile index. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal activity of strains was performed by on a lower floorground and micro titration method. Antibacterial soaps showed better MIC in equivalence with hit soaps.The most insubordinate bacterium to all the soaps is Klebsiella pneumonia and genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is obvious that antibacterial soaps present the antibacterial components that can either kill or inhibit the bacterial cells. It might be possible that many bacterial strains become resistant which leads to their survival even at high school concentrations of soaps. methyl red test, voges proskauer test, and treat reduction test fol economic crisising chesseborugh (Cheesbrough, 2001). For confirmation of gram negative bacteria, analytical profile index (biomereux) was performed according to manual instructions.The present study suggested that the resource of soap should be that which does n ot affect the facial tissues as easy as effective against disease causing bacteria in a small amount. For the determination of MBC and MIC, soaps of daily use were employed Safeguard soap MBC is 250 mg/ml and its MIC was Safeguard is an antibacterial soap that has bactericidal discovered at cxxv mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus. Safeguard is an antibacterial soap that has bacteric idalagents in it. For Pseudomonas aeroginosa (1) its MBC was at 500 mg/ml and MIC was at 250 mg/ml. If it is compared with the S. ureus it clearly showed that it was killed at high concentration of soaps. The MBC of justification soap against strain of P. aeroginosa strain 2 was observed at 250 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 25 mg/ml. For E. coli MBC was 125 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 62. 5 mg/ml. Safeguard soap was employ against Klebsiella pneumonia its MBC at 500 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 250 mg/ml. The MBC of safeguard soap against this strain of Pseudomonas was observed at 250 mg /ml and its MIC was observed at 125mg/ml . If it is compared with the first strain of P. eroginosa two prominent differences were observed which showed that strain was more sensitive than the first one. Dettol soap showed MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 125 mg/ml against S. aureus. These values were compared to the values obtained from safeguard soap. These were almost mate to the values of safeguard. It might be estimated that the antibacterial activity of safeguard and dettol soap were almost the same against this organism. Lifebuoy red (antibacterial) This soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 125 mg/ml against S. aureus.The comparison of safeguard, lifebuoy and dettol soaps revealed the comparison of MBC and MIC values. It was to a fault estimated that the organism might be sensitive to the antibacterial-soaps. -Lifebuoy-(Red)-is-alsoan tibacterial soap, it showed its MBC against is Pseudomonas spp. At 350 mg/ml and MIC was seen at 175 mg/ml which some(prenominal) lower than safeguard and dettol soap. The antibacterial agents apply in this soap showed more antibacterial activity in comparison with the above mentioned soaps. This soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC at 150mg/ml or close to it.For Escherichia coli and Klebsiella, this soap showed its MBC at 500 mg/ml and MIC was seen at 250 mg/ml which is very high concentration of the soap. These bacterial spp. showed resistance to the soap at a very low concentration and were killed at very high concentration. Staphylococcus epidermidis was killed at 175 mg/ml that is very low concentration of soap and it showed its MIC at 87. 5 mg/ml, the antibacterial agent proved to be efficient against this bacterium but this soap also killed otherwise bacteria like Enterobacter, B. ubtilis at 350 mg/ml and there was no apparent growth observed on the nutrient nutrient agar-agar plate. sixty is a beauty soap and was used against S. aureus to check its antibacterial activity. lux contains Aloe vera which might have antibacterial activity. At 500 mg/ml, the Lux killed the bacterium but concentration was high as compared to the antibacterial soap. The MBC was observed at 500 mg/ml and MIC of the soap was 250 mg/ml. This revealed that Lux soap also showed antibacterial activity but not as much, than the other specific antibacterial soaps. It might also be possible that S. ureus was sensitive to the Lux soap. This soap showed its MBC at 700 mg/ml and it also showed its MIC at 350 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis. This soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC at 125 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeroginosa 1 that was almost stir to the Lifebuoy red, it might be possible that some natural ingredients such as extract of A. vera showed the antibacterial activity. The observation of Lux beauty soap revealed that these might posses germicidal activity. Palmolive beauty soap It is beauty soap and was used against S. aureus.Although this was not an antibacterial soap but i t showed its MBC at 500 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 250 mg/ml. This showed Palmolive soap can kill bacteria. At 500 mg/ml the organism did not showed growth on the surface of the nutrient agar medium. This soap showed its MBC at 700 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 350 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis this is equal or almost equal to the Lux beauty soap but it is very high in comparison to the Lifebuoy both red and white this might be possible that ascribable to lack of specific antibacterial agent it did not showits MBC and MIC at low concentration.Lifebuoy white It also showed the MBC at 350 mg/ml and MIC at 175mg/ml against B. subtilis. These values were equal or almost equal to the Lifebuoy red soap and lower than theDettol and Safeguard soap at 350 mg/ml there was virtuoso(a) absence of bacterial growth on the agar plates and at 175 mg/ml there was no growth. After 24 h of incubation, few colonies were observed. The MBC of soap against E. coli was observed at 125 mg/ml and MIC was 62. 5 mg/ml that is very low concentration of soap. The E. coli showed sensitivity for this antibacterial soap as it was killed at very low concentration.The antibacterial agent of Lifebuoy white soap might be efficient in killing the cells. For Pseudomonas and K. pneumoniae, the soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 125 mg/ml. As this soap showed the MBC at 250 mg/ml and at this concentration no growth of the bacteria was observed. So, the soap is efficient in killing the bacterium at this concentration. For K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp. and B. subtilis, theMBC was seen at 350 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 175 mg/ml. Lifebuoy showed its MBC for S. epidermidis at 700 mg/ml and MIC was seen at 350 mg/ml.The organism was isolated from gentle skin and found Gram positive but it was killed at 750 mg/ml concentration of soap that was very high. Retreived from http//www. academicjournals. org/AJB at 310 pm January 21, 2012. Studies have examined the purporte d benefits of antibacterial soap without clear consensus about the results. Some studies have concluded that simply washout thoroughly with plainsoapis sufficient to reduce bacteria and, further, is effective against viruses. Other studies have found that soaps containingantimicrobialactive ingredients remove more bacteria than simply washables with plain soap andwater. The U.S. Food and Drug Administrationpublished reports that questions the use of antibacterial soap andhand sanitizerssaying that it found no medical studies that showed a link between a specific consumer antibacterial product and a decline in infection rates. At oneconference, Dr. Stuart Levy, amicrobiologistatTufts University, cites these studies to compare antibacterial action withantibiotic resistance submersion everything we touch with antibacterial soaps and taking antibiotic medications at the first sign of a cold can upset the natural balance ofmicroorganismsin and around us, leaving behind only the superb ugs.It has since been shown that the laboratory method used by Dr. Levy was not effective in predicting bacterial resistance forbiocideslike triclosan. 5At least sevenpeer-reviewedand published studies have been conducted demonstrating that triclosan is not significantly associated with bacterial resistance over the short term, including one study coauthored by Dr. Levy. Retrieved from The Dirt on new Antibacterial Soap v. prescribed Soap. CBC. ca. Retrieved 2011-03-30 Lucet, JC Rigaud MP, Mentre F, Kassis N, Deblangy C, Andremont A, Bouvet E (April 2002). Hand contamination onward and after different hand hygiene techniques a randomized clinical trial. journal of Hospital Infection50(4) 276280. doi10. 1053/jhin. 2002. 1202. PMID12014900. Gibson, LL rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP, Rusin PA (May 2002). Related Literature Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida Linn)is a common fleshy shallow rooted herb that grows to about 15 to 45 cm in height in damp and lightly shaded celestial spher es. Pansit-pansitan has been used as food item as well as a medicinal herb for its analgesic, anti-arthritic, diuretic activity.The whole plant is edible both cooked or raw. Pansit-pansitan plant can grow wild but also grown as ornamental foliage. Pansit-pansitan is characterized by its shiny heart shaped leaves about 4 cm in length, growing from an bear translucent green stalks. Pansit-pansitan has tiny dot-like flowers that grow from erect and slender green spikes that turn brown when matured. The fruits are also very small, round to oblong, ridged, first green later black. Tiny seeds drop mop up that grows easily in groups.Antibacterial soapis any cleaning product to which active antibacterial ingredients have been added. These chemicals killbacteriaandmicrobes, but are no more effective at deactivatingvirusesthan any other kind of soap or detergent, and they also kill nonpathogenic bacteria. Most liquid hand and proboscis soaps contain antibacterial chemicals. Triclosanis a common ingredient. Since there is a heavy(p) variety of bacteria, effectiveness against any given type of bacterium does not ensure that it is effective against unrelated types.These are generally only contained at preservative levels unless the product is marked antibacterial, antiseptic, or germicidal. Triclosan, Triclocarban/Trichlorocarbamide and PCMX/Chloroxylenolare commonly used for antibacterial and deodorant effect in consumer products. Some soaps containtetrasodium EDTAwhich is achelatingagent that sequesters metals that the bacteria require in order to grow. Othermicrobesalso require metals and so it is actually an anti-microbial agent that is widely used even as apreservative.It appears to be fairly harmless in the environment. CHAPTER III methodological analysis Research Design The study employed the experimental/ comparative study design since its focus is on the comparison of the antibacterial property of Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand s oap. Procedure disconcert 1. Set-ups and Proportion of Pansit- pansitan Extract and Other Components group Set-up Pansit-pansitan extract (mL) Other components (mL) observational A 12. 5 12. 5 B 18. 75 6. 25 C 6. 25 18. 75 cookled D Controlled set- upThe researchers on the watch 4 set-ups. Set-up A is produced by combining 12. 5 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 2. 5 mL of triethanolamine, 3. 75 mL of gel solution, 1. 25 mL of fragrance oil, 3. 75 mL of polykleer and 1. 25 mL of water. Set-up B is a combination of 18. 75 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 1. 25 mL of triethanolamine, 1. 90 mL of gel solution, 0. 60 mL of fragrance oil, 1. 90 mL of polykleer, 0. 60 mL of water, Set-up C is prepared by mixing 6. 50 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 3. 75 mL of triethanolamine, 5. 60mL of gel solution, 1. 0 mL of fragrance oil, 5. 60 mL of polykleer, 1. 90 mL of water, Set- up D was the commercial liquid hand soap which is nail down as a controlled set-up. The researchers designed the formulations which designated the specific amounts of the extract and other ingredients to be added in a certain set-up. The researchers converted the percentage to volumes. Set-up A had 50% Pansit-pansitan extract and 50% other liquid hand soap components. Set-up B had 75% is to 25% and Set-up C had 25% is to 75%. The Pansit-pansitan plant was pounded using the mortar and pestle.The pounded Pansit-pansitan plant was filtered using a piece of cloth which is disinfect first before using to get the extract. After that, the components of the liquid hand soap such as triethanolamine, gel solution, fragrance oil, and polykleer were mixed unitedly in a beaker adjacent the proportions found in table 1. The diversity were placed in a canister and then brought to the Department of acquaintance and Technology (DOST), Taguig for the anti-bacterial testing. The laboratory test conducted was the Disc Agar Diffusion method using the bacterial strain of Staphylococcus aureus.Data obtaine d were recorded accordingly for each set-up. Statistical Treatment The statistical treatment used in this study is t- test for total mean zone of inhibition and reactivity rating and Modal meter of central tendency for the inhibitory activity. The researchers used T- test because the data collected were classified as independent samples and to a lower place the normal distribution. The t- test will provide more accurate values. Since the inhibitory rating does not have an equivalent numerical value, the researchers used the Modal measure of central tendency.The researchers did not include the f-test for the experimental set-ups because the results from the laboratory testing showed that the tierce parameters have the same values. Gathering of materials from Metrobank Garden and Swiss Fragrance district a pansit- pansitan plant and Gathering the extract Application of safety precautions and Preparing of lab gowns, hair nets, and shoe socks Formulation of compositions in different set-ups (A and B) Preparation of laboratory apparatus and chemicals needed Measuring of the chemicals according to the designated amountsCombination all the ingredients together ground on the formulation given Segregation of different Set-ups into different plastics, named A and B enrol 1. Methodology and Process flow CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS get across 2. Comparison of the observational and Control Set-up in Terms of Total Mean Zone of Inhibition Group Set-up Component Ratio of each Set-up mean(a) total mean zone of inhibition per set-up Average total mean zone per group experimental A 5050 10mm 10 B 7525 10mm C 2575 10mm Control D control 11. 1mm 11. 71 As shown in submit 2, the total mean zone of inhibition (the region that resists the entry of microorganisms such as staphylococcus aureus) of the experimental set-up A, B and C is 10 mm while in the control set-up, the total mean zone of inhibition is 11. 71. Group Mean Standard Deviation t-value Experimen tal 10mm 0 -2. 09 Control 11. 71mm 0 card 3. summary of t-test for Total Mean Zone of Inhibition carry over 3 displays the summary of t-test for total mean inhibition. Since the obtained t value of 2. 9 is greater than the t critical value of -2. 13 at 0. 01 level, this bureau that the null hypothesis mustiness be rejected. This meat that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. duck 4. Comparison of the Experimental and Control Set-up in Terms of Reactivity Set-up A B C Average Experimental 2 2 2 2 Control 2 2 2 2 control panel 4 displays that all the set- ups including the experimental and control set- up are rated as 2 which verify that the zone of inhibition is especial(a) below the specimen.Table 5. Summary of t-test for Reactivity Rating Group Mean Standard Deviation t-value Experimental 2 0 0 Control 2 0 Table 5 displays the summary of t-test for total mean inhibition. Since the obtained t value is 0, this instrument that the null hypothesis must be accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Table 6. Comparison of the Experimental and Control Set-up in Terms of Inhibitory Activity Set-up A B C Experimental +++ +++ +++ Control ++ ++ ++Table 6 prospects that the inhibitory activity rating for the experimental group is complete symbolized as (+++) and the inhibitory activity rating of the control group is overtone (++). The fair zone of inhibition (the region where microorganisms such as bacteria cannot go in indoors) of control set-up is 11. 71. Since the inhibitory activity (the ability of substance to avoid the penetration of microorganisms such as bacteria with respect to a specific area) is partial derivative (symbolized as ++) this implies that the bacteria cannot penetrate within the zone of inhibition.Even though the area of inhibition of control set-up is bigger in diameter, the rating for its inhibitory activity is only partial while in the experimental group is complete even if its zone of inhibition is smaller. Furthermore, the reactivity rating 2, verifies that the zone is limited under the specimen. All interpretations were based on the guidelines given by the laboratory Reactivity Rating (It specifies the rate at which the liquid hand soap reacts with the staphylococcus aureus. 0- None (No detectable zone around or under specimen) Slight (Some malformed or degenerated cells under the specimen) 2- Mild (Zone limited under the specimen) 3- Moderate (Zone extends 5 to 10 mm beyond specimen) 4- Severe ( Zone extends greater than 10 mm beyond specimen) Since all the replicates showed that the reactivity rating is 2, it means that the zone is limited under the specimen. Based on the fall in States Pharmacopoeia 30-NF 25, 2007 &lt87&gt Biological Reactivity Test the Inhibitory Activity Rating are classified as (+++) complete (++) partial (+) slight, and (-) negative.CHAPTER V CONCLUS IONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings After the experimentation and the analysis of the data, the researchers led to the following findings 1. The total mean zone of inhibition for the experimental group including Set-ups A, B and C is 10 millimeters. 2. The total mean zone of inhibition for Set-up D or the control set-up is 11. 71 millimeters. 3. All the set-ups including experimental and control groups have a reactivity rating of 2, which means that the zone is limited under the specimen. . The inhibitory rating for the experimental group is complete (+++) which means that it subdue all the staphylococcus aureus within the zone of inhibition while the control set-up has partial (++) for it does not resist the entry of all the staphylococcus aureus within the zone of inhibition. 5. For the Total Mean Zone of Inhibition, the obtained t- value, -2. 09 is greater than t- critical value, -2. 13 at 0. 01 level. This means that the null hypothesis must be rejected.This means that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. 6. For the Reactivity Rating, the obtained value is 0, this means that the null hypothesis must be accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Conclusions 1. Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap is in some way better than the Commercial liquid hand soap in terms of total mean zone of inhibition and inhibitory activity and it is as good as the commercial liquid hand soap in terms of the Reactivity Rating. . There is a significant difference between the Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms total mean zone of inhibition hence the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap is somehow better than the commercial hand soap in terms of the said parameter. 3. There is no significant difference between the Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of reactivity rating indeed the two liquid hand soaps is as good with each other in terms of the said parameter. 4.There is a significant difference between the Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of inhibitory activity therefore the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap is somehow better than the commercial hand soap in terms of the said parameter. 5. The variation of the amount of Pansit-pansitan extract showed no significant difference since the data gathered from the laboratory analysis in terms of Total mean zone of inhibition and Reactivity rating are of the same values which is 2 and 10 mm respectively. Recommendations Based on the conclusions, the researchers led to the following recommendation 1.Future researchers may consider other parameters asunder from the total mean zone of inhibition, reactivity rating and inhibitory activity. 2. get a line to consider other plants which can be found in the backyard . 3. trammel the shelf life of the home- made liquid hand so ap so as the users will be aware of the expiration date. 4. The usage of other statistical methods of obtaining data such as surveys, which may in turn, facilitate support the outcome of the whole study. The survey must be make without bias, and as much as possible with the least discrepancy, to make it authoritative and credible. Appendix A COMPUTATIONS Table 7.Total Mean Zone of Inhibition (Experimental Group) XE(mm) XE (mm) (XE-XE)2 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 0 (XE-XE)2=0 Table 8. Total Mean Zone of Inhibition (Control Group) XC (mm) XC (mm) (XC-XC)2 11. 71 11. 71 0 11. 71 11. 71 0 11. 71 11. 71 0 (XC-XC)2=0 SDE= (XE-XE)2N-1 SDE= 03-1 SDE=0 General Formula for t-test t=XE-XCn1-1SDE2+(n2-1)SDC2nE+nC-21nE+1nC SDC= (XC-XC)2N-1 SDC=03-1 SDC=0 Since the t-computed value is greater that t-tabulated value which is -2. 13, we should reject the H0. Table 9. Reactivity Rating (Experimental Group) XE XE (XE-XE)2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 (XE-XE)2=0Table 10. Reactivity Rating (Control Group) XC XC (XC-XC)2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 (XC-XC)2=0 SDE= (XE-XE)2N-1 SDE= 03-1 SDE=0 SDC= (XC-XC)2N-1 SDC=03-1 SDC=0 t=XE-XCn1-1SDE2+(n2-1)SDC2nE+nC-21nE+1nC t=2-23-1(0)2+(3-1)(0)23+3-213+13 t=02+24(0. 81649658) t=0(0. 81649658) t= 0 Since the t-computed value is equal to zero, it shows that there is no significant difference between the reactivity of experimental and control group. Table 11. Inhibitory Activity A B C Experimental +++ +++ +++ Control ++ ++ ++ Modal is the statistical treatment to be used in the inhibitory activity of the Set-ups.The data is nominal, therefore the most fitting test for it is modal. Modal is the class that has the highest value. Based on observation, the Experimental Set-ups A, B, &amp C have the highest rating, +++ which means that the inhibitory activity is complete. In connection to the results, there is a significant difference between the Experimental Set-ups and the Control Set-ups. Appendix B (Photos of the Experimental Procedures) Figure 2. The im age shows how the researchers pounded the Pansit- pansitan plant using the mortar and pestle Figure 3. The image shows how the extract from the Pansit- pansitan plant was filter Figure 4.The image shows the residue of the Pansit- pansitan plant after the filtration Figure 5. The photo shows the manual mixing of the Pansit- pansitan extract and other components of liquid hand soap Figure 6. The photo shows the actual measurement of the gel solution Figure 7. The above photo shows the disc diffusion method done by the DOST laboratory Appendix C (Laboratory Results) BIBLIOGRAPHY http//www. academicjournals. org/AJB Life Sciences and Medicine Research, good deal 2010 LSMR- Isolation and Bioactivity of a Xanthone Glycoside from Peperomia pellucida , (January 21, 2012, 310 pm) The Dirt on Clean Antibacterial Soap v.Regular Soap. CBC. ca. Retrieved 2011-03-30 Lucet, JC Rigaud MP, Mentre F, Kassis N, Deblangy C, Andremont A, Bouvet E (April 2002). Hand contamination before and after differ ent hand hygiene techniques a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Hospital Infection50(4) 276280. doi10. 1053/jhin. 2002. 1202. PMID12014900. Gibson, LL Rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP, Rusin PA (May 2002). Quantitative assessment of risk reduction from hand washing with antibacterial soaps. Journal of Applied Microbiology92 136S143S. doi10. 1046/j. 1365-2672. 92. 5s1. 17. x. PMID12000622 Retrieved 2012-01-21, 340 pm. ttp//www. medicalhealthguide. com/articles/pansitpansitan. htm. www. medicalhealthguide. com , (January 21, 2012, 325 pm) http//www. statsoft. com/textbook/basic-statistics/t-test for independent samples . Retrieved 2012-02-27, 900 pm. http//www. staff. vu. edu. au/mcaonline/units/statistics/statistics. hypertext mark-up language Retrieved 2012-02-27, 920 pm. Contact Persons * Department of Science and Technology (Standards and examination Division) Mr. Marlon SA. Aguinaldo- Tel no. 837-20-71 to 82 local 2188, 2189 * Swiss Fragrance- Tel no. 927-59-74 * Ferissa B. Ablola - Tel no. 472-43-30

To Find Out Effectiveness Airtel Advertisements & Their Impact on the Viewers

TO FIND f tout ensemble out EFFECTIVENESS AIRTEL ADVERTISEMENTS &038 THEIR IMPACT ON THE VIEWERS Table of Contents Introduction3 Airtel products9 beat of Study14 Research Methodology15 Findings27 Recomm terminusations28 Limitations of Study29 Bibliography31 Questionnaire32 INTRODUCTION (COMPANY OVERVIEW) Incorporated on July 7, 1995, bharti AIRTEL is a division of Bharti enterprises. The businesses of Bharti Airtel ar structured into two main strategic multitudes Mobility Infotel The mobility business provides gsm meandering(a) twist in all 23 telecommunication circles in india. hile infotel business free radical provides telephone serve and internet access over dsl in 15 circles. The company complements its meandering(a), broadband and telephone usefulnesss with national and internationalist long distance operate. The company alike has a submarine stock landing station at Chennai which connects the submarine cable connecting Chennai with Singapore. Bharti tele-ventur es provides end to end info and enterprise gos to corporate customers by leveraging its spatiotemporal fiber-optic backbone, last mile connectivity in fixed line and peregrine circles.VSATs,ISP and international bandwidth access through the gateways and landing station. tout ensemble of Bharti-ventures services ar provided under airtel. in 2008 bharti Airtel attained its 90 million customer mark. The integrity sh atomic number 18s of Airtel be listed on the national stock exchange and Bombay stock exchange. Sunil Bharti mittal, the weaken chairman of Bharti enterprises (who owns Airtel) is at once the to a greater extent or less(prenominal) celebrated face of the telecom empyrean in india. He symbolizes the adage that success surveils to those who dream swelled and work assiduously to deliver it.Sunil Bharti mittal began his journey manufacturing spare parts for bicycles in slow 1970s. his strong entrepreneurial instincts gave him a unique flair for sensing immature business opportunities. In the early eld, bharti established itself as a supplier of basic telecom equipment. His true calling came in the mid nineties when the government opened up the sector and allowed private frauds to provide telecom services. Bharti enterprises accepted e truly opportunity provided by this new policy to acquire into Indias largest telecommunications company and one of the Indias most respected places.Airtel was dunked in 1995 in delhi. As the Airtel mesh expanded to several parts of India the brand came to symbolize the genuinely essence of liquid services. Since then, Airtel has established itself a rag India in most of the states covering a population of over 600 million people. Airtel allow soon cover the entire country through a function of acquisitions and green field projects. With a front line in over 2,000 towns, Airtel today has the largest network capacity in the country.In the last nine days Airtel has achieved legion(predicate) fr onts and unique records it was the first to launch nationwide roaming operations, it was the first to cross the one million and the five million customer marks. It was also the first to launch services overseas. There are an new(prenominal)(prenominal) firsts credited to Airtel many of them in the area of innovative products and services. Today, Airtel innovates in almost everything that it presents to the food market place. An excellent workout is Easy Charge Indias first paperless electronic recharging facility for prepaid customers. As evidence of its fine record, Airtel has also been conferred with numerous awards.It won the prestigious Techies yield for being the best cellular services provider for four consecutive eld between 1997 and 2000 a record that is still unmatched. And in 2003, it received the congresswoman &038 information Award for being Indias largest cellular service provider, amongst others. Bharti Airtel has enjoyed an excellent put to work ever sinc e the telecom sector opened. It has managed to hold on to its leadership stupefy in spite of the presence of other players with deep pockets Ambanis, Tatas, Birlas and Vodafone. Has coped undividedsome with regulatory changes. It continues to attract and delight customers. t has also started making its presence felt initiationwide also. Recently AIRTEL has become the third largest telecom player in the world. Bharti Enterprises has successfully focuse its strategy on telecom spot straddling diverse fields of business. From the creation of Airtel, one of Indias finest brands, to becoming the largest manufacturer and exporter of world class telecom terminals under its Beetel brand, Bharti has created a signifi bedt position for itself in the global telecommunications sector. PRODUCTS The Company is a part of Bharti Enterprises, and is Indias leaders provider of telecommunications services.The businesses at Bharti Airtel have been structured into three individual strategic busin ess units (SBUs) mobile services, broadband &038 telephone services (B) &038 enterprise services. The mobile services group provides GSM mobile services across India in 23 telecom circles, mend the B business group provides broadband &038 telephone services in 90 cities. The Enterprise services group has two sub-units carriers (long distance services) and services to corporate. All these services are provided under the Airtel brand. Its embroil Voice serve brisk go Satellite workManaged Data &038 Internet Services Managed e-Business Services Voice Services Bharti Airtel became the first private fixed-line service provider in India. It is at a time promoted under the Airtel brand. Recently, the Government opened the fixed-line industry to unfathomable contestation. Airtel has subsequently started providing fixed- line services in the four circles of Delhi, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu &038 UP (West). Airtel Enterprise Services deals that these circles h ave high telecommunications potential, especially for carrying Voice &038 Data traffic.These circles were strategically selected so as to provide synergies with Airtels long distance network and Airtels extensive mobile network. Airtel Enterprise Services, Indias premium telecommunication service, catchs to you a whole new experience in telephony. From integrated telephone services for Enterprises and down in the mouth business enterprises to user-friendly plans for Broadband Internet Services (DSL), we bring innovative, cost-effective, comprehensive and multi-product solutions to cater to all your telecom and data needs. alert ServicesAirtels mobile footprint extends across the country in 21 telecom circles. Its service standards compare with the very best in the world. In fact, thats how Bharti has managed to provide the trust of millions of customers and makes it one of the top 5 operators in the world, in equipment casualty of service and subscriber base. The company has se veral scratch lines to its credit The First to launch full roaming service on pre-paid in the country. The First to launch 32K SIM cards. The First in Asia to deploy the multi band feature in a radio network for Efficient usage of spectrum. The First to deploy Voice case Enhancers to improve voice quality and Acoustics. The First telecom company in the world to receive the ISO 90012000 Certification from British Standards Institute Satellite Services Airtel Enterprise Services provides you connectivity where ever you take your Business. Satellite Services bring you the benefits of access in remote Locations. Airtel Enterprise Services is a leading provider of broadband IP Satellite services and DAMA/PAMA services in India.Managed data &038 internet services Airtel enterprises services bring a comprehensive suite of data technologies. So Airtel is able to support all types of networks and ensure the customers put forward manage their network to the future seamlessly. These servic es include leased lines, customized solutions, metro Ethernet. Managed e-business services Airtel enterprise services offer an internationally benchmarked, carrier class hosting, storage and business continuity services. A coarse range of services help the customers run their business the way they want.All this is possible because of world class high tech data centers. processional STRATEGY After the liberalization of the Indian Telecom Sector in 1994, the Indian cellular market witnessed a surge in cellular services. By 2005, there were a total of 12 players in the market with the five major players being Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited (Bharti), Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Hutchinson-Essar limited (Hutch), estimation Cellular limited (Idea) and credit India Mobile (RIM) (Refer Exhibit I). All the players to a greater extentover RIM offered services based on the Global System for Mobile (GSM) technology.RIM provided services based on Code Division threefold Access (CDMA ) technology as well as GSM. As competition in the telecom arena intensified, BHARTI AIRTEL took new initiatives to woo customers. Prominent among these were eminence endorsements, loyalty rewards, discount coupons, business solutions and talk time schemes. AIRTEL has apply most bit of celebrities for ads. The list includes-Sachin, Shahrukh, Rehmaan, Saif Ali Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Zaheer Khan Etc. The most important consumer segments in the cellular industry were the younker segment and the business class segment.The youth segment was the largest and fastest growing segment and was therefore targeted most heavy by cellular service provider. Bharti Tele-Ventures adopted celebrity endorsement as its chief promotional strategy. By 2004 it emerged the unprecedented leader commanding the largest market share in the cellular service market. Hutch implemented the celebrity endorsement strategy partially, relying primarily on its creative advertising for the promotion of its brand. BSNL, on the other hand, attracted the consumer through its low cost schemes.Being a state owned player, BSNL could cover uncouth areas, and this helped it increase its subscriber base. Reliance was another player that cashed on its innovative promotional strategies, which include celebrity endorsements and attractive talk time schemes. Idea relied heavily on its creative media advertising sans celebrities. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is to run a risk out the effectiveness of AIRTEL advertisements i. e. What type of impact these advertisements have on the viewing audience? Are the viewing audience getting the desired message? The secondary objective includes conclusion out following What type of advertisements viewers now days like? What type of changes AIRTEL needs to make in future? explore METODOLOGY The data was collected from primary as well as secondary ascendants. Primary data source Around 80 people were arbitrarily selected and their response to the questionnaire was taken as primary data. Secondary data source the secondary data was collected from following sources AIRTEL website Newspapers Internet The total number of respondents was 80. Out of which 24 were female respondents and rests 56 were males. The respondents are categorized in three different groups.First group consists of person less than 20 years of age. These are mainly teenagers and are most likely to grease ones palms or use new mobile connections. The second group i. e. 20-35 years of age are already using one or the other connection. The last group was mainly of somewhat older people and consists of 30% of the total sample. The graph shows the % distribution of customers of different service providers . There are some more players in the market but for the shake of clarity, exclusively these six were given consideration. Out of the major six players, Airtel is found to be having the largest market share with 32%. he main competitors to AIRTEL in har m of number of customers are BSNL and Vodafone. Popularity of ads of different brands among viewers The advertisements of Vodafone were found to be more popular among the respondents. Most of them talked almost the hutch dog. Similarly the tag line of IDEA an idea can change your life is also very popular. AIRTEL ads are supposed to be more or less centered on randy factors. 75% of the respondents said that they like the TV ads more than any other medium of advertisement. The main internet users now a days i. e. oungsters were found to have a liking towards the advertisements used on internet. The housewives and the people older than 3 years like to go through advertisements in newspapers and magazines etc, and also like the advertisements on radio or local FM stations. Major portion of the respondents categorized AIRTEL ads as emotional ads. In every advertisement, one or the other facet of the gentleman relations is at the centre. The AIRTEL ads were also considered to be dif ferent from the competitors and innovative. Many respondents claimed that the fun part was always absentminded from the AIRTEL ads.Out of all celebrities endorsing AIRTEL, A. R. Rehmaan is most celebrated among the viewers. Almost every respondent linked the AIRTEL success with the famous shadiness composed by Rehmaan. The girls mainly like the advertisements with Saif Ali khan and Shahrukh khan. One of the finding was that using too many celebrities in advertisements is not that much effective. AIRTEL advertisement with seven celebrities including Saif, Kareena, Zaheer khan, Gautam Gambhir is supposed by the viewers as wastage of money. 60% of the respondents believe that the Celebrity endorsements give a brand a ouch of glamour and the anticipate that a famous face will provide added appeal and call down recognition in a crowded market. AIRTEL itself is already using a number of celebrities in its advertisements like shahrukh khan, Saif ali khan,kareena,Sachin,Madhvan etc. so in most future also AIRTEL should move on with celebrity endorsements as viewers give them value and have a liking towards them. Major portion of the viewers got the message from the AIRTEL ads as it is a brand that offers services at cheaper price. The ads dont give any hint about the service quality.So AIRTEL should give some consideration to this fact and try to punctuate on the better quality also through the advertisements. The claims made in AIRTEL ads are believable?? About 50% of the respondents had this belief that the claims made about the connectivity, voice clarity etc in the AIRTEL ads are true. The major portion of these 50% respondents was actually the AIRTEL users. 35% of people suppose these claims as just a part of advertisement and non existing in actual. 70% of the respondents said that they started using that sim card because of one or other type of scheme.The different types of schemes like-10 paisa call, darkness calling free etc help the customers make th eir mind to shift to that accompaniment service provider. The advertisements in general have a very gauzy impact on their decision. FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY The look carried out helped us to come to the following out comes ? In terms of liking of ads, Vodafone is way in advance of AIRTEL. ?Viewers have a liking towards most of the celebrities used in AIRTEL ads. ? The viewers like the ads with some funny content but this is missing in most of the AIRTEL ads ?The majority of the customers starts or shifts to a service provider based upon word of mouth and different schemes. The advertisements play a very little part in their decision. ?The preferences of the viewers for the celebrities are always changing so we cant rely on a iodin celebrity forever. ?Viewers like to see short and up to the mark ads but Most of the AIRTEL ads are too lengthy. RECOMMENDATIONS ?Along with using unhomogeneous celebrities for endorsements, AIRTEL should try to introduce advertisements with some sor t of humor. ?The majority of perspective customers are teenagers, so AIRTEL ads should be more focused around them ?The people now days have started using more and more internet, so on with TV advertisements, AIRTEL should give more attention to online advertisements. ?People give very less attention to the print ads, so these ads should be mainly informatory ads i. e. the ads giving information about new schemes and recharge coupons etc. LIMITATIONS The research was carried out taking care of each &038 every small draws which can alter the results but still there were some limitations that must be acknowledged. The respondents chosen were mainly from cities.So the results dont include the responses of rural customers. To find out the overall effectiveness of advertisements a lot of data regarding the price paid to the celebrities and cost of advertisement etc. was required, but as this type of data is classified so it was not available. CONCLUSION Mobile penetration is shortly e xploding in INDIA and Bharti Airtel has been riding the crest of the huge mobile industry wave that has been formed. Consequently great potential and huge market opportunities have now opened up the playing field in Indias telecom market and also made it much more competitive.In the present open market environment, there are currently over 10 major operators in India which are competing with each other to get the major share of this market. So at any point of time, AIRTEL cant take things lightly. It needs to change its marketing and advertising strategies gradually. The advertisements used at present seem appropriate for AIRTEL but we cant always rely on these advertisements and the celebrities. Bibliography www. airtelworld. com www. scribd. com www. wikipedia. org Search engine used www. oogle. com www. trai. gov. in QUESTIONNAIRE Dear Respondent, I am a student of oriental Institute of Management, Vashi, Navi Mumbai and doing a research for a study for which I fix to pose a qu estionnaire to find out impact of the advertisements of some of the big players of Indian telecom sector. Your cooperation is deeply solicited to provide the relevant information. I prove that information will be kept confidential. Please tick at the place that matches your opinion. 1. You are Male Female 2. Specify your age

Ready For New Achievements Essay

To begin with, through solely the writing assignments that I consecrate compose so far, I have showed to have the electrical condenser to sleep together out with good ideas. Thinking about practicable reasons of the problem, consequences or even solutions to the point, are all very important as the kickoff step to begin. For instance, while writing assignment number two, I started with questions to moderate us think how armed guards may not be active to work with children, and I listed detailed examples on how its consequences can affect the kids welfare.In doing so, it can make the readers think profoundly, and realize that there is more to come to about over its negative consequences. In other words, deeply comprehending the offspring helps to increase my and the readers critical thinking and develop better viewpoints and conclusions. Having good concepts, do me to issue well-developed writings. At the same time, profound thoughts lead me to overthink about the topic and make me spend more time on my writings. Having a consider of ideas to write about are sometimes not necessary.An example of this internet site is my Kids With Better Futures midterm writing assignment. Since this was an in class paper, I had to come out with strong and good ideas quicker than usual, but I bunk to write some run-on sentences. Moreover, I couldnt show all the ideas I had in that specific moment because of the time I played out thinking about my main ideas. For example, I could also have written about my own experience as a child and how my parents have been a huge influence in my academic life, or how my environs and life style might affect the way The Western and Chinese parenting styles work.Lacking several ideas made me feel that I did not completely show my thoughts or even feelings about the topic, which I think is unmatched of my biggest weaknesses. Nevertheless, this 263 ESL class has helped me to learn how I can organize my ideas in each paragraph an d create good topic sentences. For instance, at the beginning of the trend I did not know the correct order in which I had to write out my main ideas.I used to just write what I had in my mind, without taking into account that I was missing the cheek of each paragraph, starting from the main idea, the controlling idea, paraphrase, and examples in the conclusion. As a result, my first writing assignment did not turn out that strong. exactly now, I know how to properly and correctly construct my paragraphs, and how to focus on each paragraphs structure to make them look circumstantial and clear. I took advantage of this class, learned as much as possible and I am completely prepared for the following levels.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Essay

By Gregg Keizer Courtesy of TechWeb News Even as spyware has become a soil word and users have been bombarded with stories its pervasive,pernicious nature,criminals have dramatically expanded their distribution chhanels and infected and overwhelming majority of enterprise PCs anti-spyware vendor webroot said tuesday as it rolled out its latest stats.The number of despiteful sites militarying spyware has quadrupled sense the star of the year,siad Richard Stienon, Webroots director of treats research, and now number over 300,000 URLsOn average,enterprise PCs have 27 pieces of spyware on their hard drives,a 19 percent encrease in the last rear alone,while a whopping 80 percent of corporate computer host at least on one instant of unwanted software,whether thats adware,spyware,or trojan horse.The actual maliciousness of it is increasing,said Stienon. theressimply more malicious activity per piece of spyware.Theyre not satisfied with making their heptad cent a click by flooding syst ems with adware now theyre focussing on identity theft,sometimes from within an organization spywares is world used by insiders,insane hack their employer or boss.ll.do the following instruction and hold open your answer on space provided1.Press Ctrl+AWhat happened? The all words that im write is highlightened.2.be sure nothing is selected.using the muose,in the first paragraph,select or highlight with out losing the selection,hold the Ctrl separate and highlight the other spywarewords on the first paragraph. What happened?3.Position the arrow at the very start of a paragraph.hold the Ctrl+ switch over key then pinch the right arrow key 3 or more times. What happened?4.position the cursor anyplace in the first paragraph.hold the shift key and click anywhere in the 3 paragraph. What happened?5.position the cursor anywhere in the first paragraph.hold the shift key and click on arrow key 3 or more times. What happened?

Absorbant Mind Essay

Absorbent estimation is defined as the foremost plane of development where the fry has the capability to absorb king-size amounts of information ab forth his/her environment through his/her senses. The absorbent mind is a universal characteristic of youth children. It is unique to the first six historic period of life. The absorbent mind thrashs unconscious(p)ly which motivates the child to seek out new experiences in the environment. It records these experiences in exact details like images that confirmation with the child for the rest of his/her life. Childs mind simply records what it is assailable to.This is in contrast to the adult brain that stores things more like a painter, consciously choosing what details to include or omit. The adult mind nonwithstanding remembers what it notices or considers important. Dr. Montessori believed that much of the development & formation of a souls intelligence is from birth to the age of six. Young childrens mind absorb infor mation quickly, which enables them to develop patterns for bring in heeding and problem solving that exit continue to grow throughout their life. At such a young age, this learning is without effort.Montessori saw the absorbent mind in two phases. During the first phase, from birth to three long time old, the young child unknowingly or unconsciously acquires his basic abilities. She called it the period of unconscious creation or the unconscious absorbent mind. The childs work during this period is to become mugwump from the adult for his basic human functions. By about three years old, he moves into the next phase of the absorbent mind, which Montessori called the period of conscious work or the conscious absorbent mind.During this period, the childs mathematical mind compels him to perfect in himself that which is now there. His fundamental task during this phase is freedom. Examples of a childs absorbent mind are language skills, move skills & social skills. Best example i n my opinion, would be childs learning mother tongue. We set no lessons for our children to teach them how to sing but, by just listening & watching adults talk, they gradually learn to speak. By only watching us, as adults, they learn how to act to get our attention and in advanced steps however they get to know expectations of how the world will treat them.In Montessori classrooms the brisk environment allows children to learn more aspects of real life. For example, the Practical life subject, allows children to not also improve their motor skills but also to behave themselves, to take care of their environment and to treat others. Prepared environment along with the childrens absorbent mind enables them to develop patterns for learning and problem solving that will continue to grow throughout their life.

Ancient Greek Marital and Gender Roles

superannuated classic matrimonial and Gender Roles *Note All claims ar assumptions based off of textbookbookual clues and atomic number 18 non to be still as fact except to be recognized as potential truths. The comp anent parts of work force and wo custody in antiquated classical cultivation earth-closet never be fully understood since no 1ness alive today existed during their era. That being said, abridgment of texts produce verbally by superannuated classical authors provides us with insight into how their finishing viewed twain genders. It is by dint of these texts that scholars can rank customary actions of single and hook up with couples.Questions frequently(prenominal) as should women save themselves for marriage, Are men the providers, And were women evaluate to be implemental in a patriarchal society can all be answered through textual disposition. As we prep atomic number 18 to dive into antediluvian patriarch texts and set nigh the He llenic culture of old, one must understand the greatness of utilizing multiple authors. Without calling upon a variety of texts, a credible and essential theory on how superannuated classical individuals acted can non be erected.For the purposes of this analysis the authors Euripides, Aeschylus, and kor go away be employed with the opinion of further understanding antediluvian Grecian gender and married roles. Taking into account the differences among these texts in composing and date, we will burden 3 main tasks identify what makes a favourable economize and bully married wo valet de chambrehood, discern if and why one role receives to a greater extent oversight than the other, and conclude what ancient Greek social norms whitethorn cede been from the way these texts depict marital kinships. Euripides, Hippolytus, provides a sturdy backbone for understanding how Ancient Greek civilization viewed gender roles.Before reading a text it is important non to have a na rrow scope. This room that one should non only focus on the perceived main character, plainly rather consider how any character whitethorn depict an side of the then flowing culture. Despite being titled Hippolytus, it is authoritative not to only concentrate on the character Hippolytus. In fact, there may be just as much if not to a greater extent to be learned from Phaedra. Phaedra, being the stepmother of Hippolytus, supplies a situation where her actions toward Hippolytus can be employ in understanding the expected actions of married fe viriles toward single males. After Phaedra earns that her treasure has disclosed the sensitive information about her ro publictic feelings for Hippolytus to him and that he has jilted her she have a bun in the ovens her own life out of shame. However, she leaves a note for her husband Hippolytus paternity Theseus, claiming that his son has raped her. This action reveals that perhaps it was not unparkland for women to take their live s aft(prenominal)wards being innerly violated. With that in mind, it may be inferred that sexual purity was expected of women, that once a woman has been tainted by a male who was not her partner she loses her respect, maintain, and desirability.In addition, Theseus chemical reaction allows us to follow out til now further into gender relationships and societal norms. Theseus takes the offensive against Hippolytus, cursing him and afterward causing his death. Nevertheless, instead of coming to the hasty conclusion that Theseus is emotionally vapourific and lacking the ability to understand, it is pertinent that one stops and asks Why may he have acted this way? For where most mistakes argon make in textual analysis is through hasty generalizations based on current era norms.Indeed, in todays world Theseus reaction would lead to his imprisonment and authorisation meetings with a psychiatrist only this was not always so. In Ancient Greece watch was critical and helped in determining social status. Euripides lived during the end of the Persian Wars and much like the notorious Spartans, the Athenians considered honor for themselves and their family to be of the utmost importance. With this in mind we will take another look at Theseus reaction and how it provides insight into Ancient Greek culture.It is possible that Theseus reaction would have been of the norm during his time. It was most likely seen as dishonorable to commit suicide as well as to lie therefore, Theseus would not dare question the claims made by his wife. Theseus was trying to protect his honor as well as that of his family by pickings action against he who had supposedly raped his wife. nine may have expected him to avenge Phaedras death. This shows that a married couple was a well unit, that each must have rely in each other it was not their responsibility to question the devise of their partner.Bearing everything in mind it can be deduced that a entire husband is one who pr otects his family and a levelheaded wife one who is unwavering, even if it means taking their own life. Nevertheless, the male gender role stresses honor everyplace family. More everywhere, when honor and family conflict, family loses hence the death of Hippolytus. Euripides portrayal of Hippolytus assists in depicting how men were expected to act in society. Hippolytus serves as a paradigm for a man who does not meet the standards of the societal norm. We are able to identify that Hippolytus is not a normal Athenian male because the goddess Aphrodite punishes him for his actions.He is a male child who has not yet become a man he shows that it was not acceptable for males in Ancient society to resist maturity. His wish to lie abstinent, or more so his lack of sexual desire is common among the youth but not a matured male. Aphrodite is used to receiving flattery and worship from the male population and because Hippolytus does not worship her but instead the virgin goddess Art emis she chooses to punish him. His punishment allows us to infer that all men were required to seek out a woman when they reached the age of maturity.Those who did not most likely brought shame to themselves and their family. Moreover, it can be seen through the furiousness on family, and sexual desire that procreation was not so much a choice as it is today but an obligation and commerce of each and every able-bodied male. Ultimately, Euripides Hippolytus sheds a lot of light on social norms regarding gender roles. During the time period in Ancient Greece season Euripides was alive estimated mingled with 484 407 B. C. E. (Before Current Era) the prevalence of honor was paramount, effecting the actions and choices made by both males and females.It was the duty of the male to protect and maintain honor for his family by taking action against those who threaten or harm the fortitude of his family. solely first it is his societal obligation to wed a woman and create a family. On the other hand women are important members of society, their explicate bears weight in discussion and decision, it is their duty to love and protect their family as well as to maintain honor for themselves by being loyal companions even if it means taking their own life. Although the assumptions made off of textual clues in Hippolytus appear valid, it is still important to consider other ancient texts.The Odyssey by bulls eye is another text that provides clues toward how Ancient Greek civilization regarded gender and marital roles. There appears to be an undis rambleable amount of severalize supporting that there was a double standard between men and women on how they should act toward the opposite sex. Odysseus engages in sexual activities with a boastfully amount of women on his journey home to Ithaca. Whereas despite not having not seen her husband for twenty age genus genus Penelope remains loyal even though she has a crowd of suitors desiring her bed.Odysseus port lea ds to the belief that it was acceptable for Greek males to cheat on their wives. However, there is not enough evidence that supports that his behavior was acceptable. Additionally his circumstances were not of the norm so it is unfair to hypothesise that Odysseus behavior corresponded with that of the average Greek male. The important part of Odysseus and Penelopes relationship that does speak to the social norms of society is the devotion held toward one another. Penelopes decision to remain loyal to her husband even after twenty years of absence says a lot about Greek women.It can be inferred that marriage was a huge deal and trueness an even bigger one. If Penelope had chosen another suitor in the beginning knowing if Odysseus was dead or not then she could have potentially brought dishonor to herself and her family. The importance of loyalty and marriage is stressed by Penelopes actions. Additionally, she shows that to be a good wife is to be a committed wife. In comparison, a lthough Odysseus is not loyal like Penelope, he shows that it is the duty of a husband to make it home to his wife and to always put family first.The fact that Odysseus wants more than anything to indemnity home and see his wife so badly that he even gives up his potential life with fairy-slipper supports that commitment to ones family is the most important duty of a Greek male. When Odysseus does return home and uprises that suitors have overrun his house he takes action and eliminates all of them. Although it may be argued that a couple of the suitors were genuine, skillful plenty and should not have been killed, his decision to kill all of them attests to the duties of a good husband.The suitors entering his home without verification of his death was a take aim at his honor. It is from his decision to eliminate all of the suitors that we can learn about how Ancient Greek society viewed the male gender role. Men were expected to be strong and to protect the honor of their home, to enter discussion over who was the most in the wrong displayed weakness. In roll for a man to reclaim his good name he must do outdoor(a) with any and all threats. This notion toward the expectations for Ancient Greek male gender roles is further supported by the actions of Odysseus son Telemachus.Telemachus had never met his father but still decided to set out on an expedition to examine him. The fact that Telemachus had never met Odysseus when he decided to risk his life to find him validates the importance of family. Clearly common ethics in Ancient Greek civilization endorsed family over everything. A son was expected to fight for his family no matter how close his relationship with the rest of his family may be. Normal male gender roles were to maintain honor and protect ones family.Homers The Odyssey and Euripides Hippolytus both share common characteristics in their insight into Ancient Greek marital and social gender roles. The overwhelming aspect of both texts th at appears to be the focal pose of Ancient Greek culture is family commitment. All clues point toward both marital roles to be to preserve and protect the honor of ones family as well as the importance of having one. The assumption can be made that in order to be a good wife she must be loyal and honest, whereas to be a good husband he must also be devoted, putting his love ones before himself and honor above all else.There does not appear to be one gender that receives more attention, supporting that both genders played a vital role in ancient culture. In contrast with the previous(prenominal) two texts, Aeschylus Oresteia Agamemnon offers a different approach in addressing Ancient Greek cultural norms relating to marital and gender roles. While Agamemnon is gone for ten years at the Trojan war his wife Clytemnestra conspires against him with her lover Aegisthus. To be fair, Agamemnon had sacrificed their missy in order to have the wind be on his side.Before we get across let u s analyze how this depicts Ancient Greek marital roles. The relationship between Agamemnon and Clytemnestra is incredibly strained after he sacrifices their daughter Iphigenia. However, if emotions are withheld it can be seen that perhaps Agamemnons marital and gender role supported his decision. As was seen with the death of Hippolytus, stemming from Theseus duty to uphold his principles, it can be inferred that the requirement for a male to preserve his honor comes before family.Although taking a different approach, Oresteia Agamemnon, has the aforementioned(prenominal) main principles regarding marital roles. Except this text allows us to see what happens when roles compete. As the story progresses more insight is provided into how marital roles are affected when one takes precedence over another. When Agamemnon returns home he brings with him a unseasoned woman, Cassandra. After arguing with his wife about not wanting to display excess hubris by walking on the discolour carpe t their time together becomes very strained. Shortly after his return Clytemnestra murders Agamemnon and Cassandra.Her catharsis is complete after committing these murders and uses the sacrifice of Iphigenia as justification for her actions. both(prenominal) the love affair of Clytemnestra with Aegisthus and Agamemnon with Cassandra hint that perhaps there were a puny bit more public scandalous acts that took place in Ancient Greece than the other two texts let on. We have learned that in order to be a good wife she must protect her family and be loyal to her husband. The text written by Aeschylus explicitly proves that when a wife must choose between loyalty to her husband and protection of her family she will choose her family.Regardless of the obvious differences between this text and the two priors they all three present Ancient Greek gender and marital roles to be comprised of the same basic principles. That being said, all three illuminate a new characteristic. After analyzi ng all the texts it can be assumed that Greek culture revolved around family, loyalty, and honor. A good wife is a woman who puts her family first and remains loyal to her husband no matter what the circumstances. in addition a good husband defends the honor of himself whilst remaining devoted to his family.Nonetheless, after further analysis it can be argued that social norms for marital roles did not always go hand in hand with what a good husband or wife should do. This is because certain roles are emphasized more than others. When a wife chooses her children over her husband or a man defends his honor at the bit of his family he or she can no long fit into the paradigm for a good husband or wife. In another text written by Euripides, Medea, the view into the ultimo is much different than that of Hippolytus or any of the other texts.That being said, it is crucial to analyze the new perspective in order to formulate an better theory on what Ancient Greek marital roles used to be. Jason and Medea are married with children when Jason chooses to suddenly leave to marry the daughter of the king of Corinth. Euripides is insinuating that in some instances male gender roles overpower their marital roles. As a Greek man it is his duty to gain honor and status as well as to create a family. However, as a Greek husband it is his duty to be devoted to his family and to never leave them.From this text we can infer that the desire of a man to achieve honor and status can lead some men to abandon their families. The prospect of one day being king is too much for Jason, he leaves and forgoes his marital roles. His choice to relieve himself of his duties as a husband infers that not all men in Ancient Greece were morally sound, taking a very loose interpretation of the word honor. Additionally, Medea involves herself in some actions that go against what would be considered socially preferable. Medea is distraught and angry after Jason abandons her and the children.She takes action by plotting to hurt Jason the way that he hurt her. Medea gives Jasons new wife a poisoned robe that burns her flesh off and murders her own two children in hopes to harm Jason. By murdering both Jasons wife and her children she is exhibiting penalise with the only intention of benefiting herself. This act infers that there were many citizens of Ancient Greece who did not regard the normal social roles. Unlike Agamemnon who sacrificed his daughter to fulfill one of his societal roles, Medea acts completely outside of the norm by murdering her children in unwarmed blood.Euripides may potentially be trying to express that there are always going to be individuals that act radically opposite to what is at the time considered normal. A distinction that must be recognized is that between gender roles and marital roles with the understanding that they sometimes overlap. It seems as if more attention is placed on gender roles than marital roles. For instance, Odysseus chooses to cheat on his wife, Agamemnon sacrifices his daughter, Clytemnestra murders her husband, and Jason comeuppance his family.After analyzing all of the texts we can finally make an educated decision on what marital and gender roles were like in Ancient Greece. It appears that Ancient Greek society had determined roles for both men and women and they were meant to be adamantly revered. A good husband was considered to be a man who was devoted to his family and defended the honor of himself and his home. He recognized that there is no honor in infliction loved ones, no matter what the outcome. Additionally, a good wife was a woman who was completely loyal to her husband and her family, protecting them by whatever means necessary.However, thorough analysis reveals that there were often times people who went against what would be deemed good because they made a choice when roles conflicted that ensued a consequence for a loved one to bear. And finally there were those who went agains t the grain completely. Overall, Ancient Greek social norms involved family at the center and devotion from every member to each other. The reason there is such a strong emphasis placed on understanding, documenting, and analyzing history is because it is through historical analysis that scholars can infer as to how modern-day culture came to be.It is through investigation of historical texts and other mediums of recording history that allows us to track the cash advance of people and their roles in society. In the current era people are still learning more about how past societies operated and what led to their development. From Homer to Hemmingway there is always more that can be learned through textual analysis, whether it be a historical primary source or not. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 . Struck, Peter T. ClSt 200 Greek Tragedy. ClSt 200 Greek Tragedy. N. p. , 2000. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. .