International law Essay Example for Free

International fairness EssayInternational law can be divided into two main branches public external law and private internationalist law. According to Corel University Law School, Legal Information Institute public international law, oversees matters of rights between nations and citizens or subjects of other nations whereas, the latter deals with conflicts between private individuals arising out of circumstances of key importance to more than one nation. Over time the line between private and public international laws has been ontogenesis thinner with issues of private international law now linking with those of public international law. This is beca use up the international community finds galore(postnominal) matters of private international law of significance to them. In a nutshell, international law governs human actions and interactions at the global heights. For a long time since its inception in the 16th Century, international law consisted of policies and regulations governing body interactions between nations until recently when the law was redefined to incorporate relations between states and individuals as well as relation between international institutions.International law has accepted its sh be of criticism with the emergence of a school of thought holding that it was mechanism designed by developed countries adjudicatefully for colonization in the forward-looking world. In his book Imperialism, Sovereignty and the making of International Law Anghie argues that the colonial confrontation was central to the formation of international law and, in particular, its asylum concept, reign. He goes ahead to argue that international law is a modern fashion of governing non-European people, that economic exploitations and cultural erosion that declarationed from the same were strategically valuable for the discipline. Contrary to Anghies thinking, international law would otherwise be a benevolent low fetching had it not been demonized by functionful states to achieve 21st deoxycytidine monophosphate colonialism. The concept of international law obviously conflicts with the fundamentals of sovereignty which overly means independence.This is to say that a sovereign state should be free to tend its domestic affairs free from hindrances by outside authority. The proponents of international law may have worked on the assumptions that the sovereignty of a state is not just founded on the self-governing go out of its sovereign, but also on its position in relationship to several other states. This imp equivocations that if a certain country comes up with policies which are likely to affect its neighbors or other countries then its sovereignty can be subject to violation when international law intervenes.Nonetheless, the general effect is that a state should be able to do whatever it pleases within its territories. It is important to mention that sovereignty of a state means it is free to use its resources for its ow n prosperity without interference from outside powers. However, developed states have in many occasions meddled in the economic affairs of third world states. It is by right that a third world states control all that is within their territories without interference from developed countries.International law, done international business law paves way for exploitation of third world countries by their developed counterparts. Interdependence is a word strategically coined by developed states to cover up for their deeply bury conspiracy aimed at reaping resources from developed countries under(a) the cover of globalisation. Hopefully, out of their own efforts, third world states may eventually grow to the level of being powerful. In the contrary, world super powers are not stupid to let third world countries grow to be as powerful as them.Because of this insecurity, they invent laws and lie to third world states that it is for the good of the world when the underpinning motive is to increase dependence by developing countries on the world powers. Even if these countries develop, they will be under control of developed states. A good example is the claim by developed countries in favor of their investors on foreign territories. The claim by capital-exporting countries is think to limit a countrys sovereignty to impose limitations on foreign investors (Sornarajah 136).This may sound as a generous thought to untied up equal playing grounds for signatories of international law. However, consider the fact that capital-exporting countries are the world superpowers forceing numerous billionaire investors just looking for places to multiply their billions. Some of these multibillion businesses are state owned corporations. With this kind of law, the world powers will establish multibillion corporations in third world territories in the pretext of privately owned investments.They will flip employment opportunities, good health facilities, education, housing, infrast ructure to millions of natives of third world states. Because most third world governments are unable to offer basic needs for their populace, these international corporations will win the hearts of many in third world states. Although political rule will be retained by the hosting governments, such multibillion corporations will have unprecedented control not only over citizens whom they will have won their trust, but also over government policy decisions.By that time, third world states will be literally foreign territories of developed states. Of course a few spicy individuals from developing countries will have benefited from this law and established businesses in developed countries. However, because their native governments will be lacking both economic and political powers, their activities will be highly controlled by the host governments keeping them from making any breakthroughs. This treaty might also limit a states ability to use domestic sub judice facilities on forei gn investors who break the law since they will be under protection of international law.This is based on the belief that any grievance against an investor operating under international law is an injury to his native country. International law therefore was only formed with the excuse of interdependence between signatory states with the hidden purpose to reintroduce a modern style of Colonialism being witnessed today. In the modern world, economic sovereignty is paramount to any form of sovereignty. Political sovereignty in the 21st century is worthless without economic independence. It is because of this that developed countries continue to come up with selfish policies with the excuse of interdependence.For this reason most third world countries drift of political independence but when they cannot provide for their citizens, they seek shelter from the economic giants who do not offer anything without conditions. Developed countries will always do this through economic sanctions su ch as freezing donor aid which when implemented cripples the operations of third world states. Nye states that although the potential for benefits in interdependence exist, the potential for calamity exists as well (179).Nye goes to the extreme to refer to the negative results of interdependence not merely as losses, which would be the opposite of benefits, but tragedy. Tragedy can also be a disaster, catastrophe or misfortune. The after effects of a disaster are usually devastating and repairing the mess requires extraordinary measures usually taking a longer period of time. The shocking thing is that whereas developing countries are obeying international law, developed countries can violate it and get away with it. Israel has been in the headlines for many years over Gaza strip conflict with Palestines.The attacks have led to serious violation of human rights and international law. Atrocities connected along Gaza Strip are worrying and one would wonder why Israel is being excuse d from war crimes trials. Up to date, the international judges still seem to be wondering if Israel has committed enough crimes to be subjected to trials. On the other hand, the United States of America reciprocated against Afghanistan after the September 11th attacks on Americas soil and many free lives were lost. Most worrying is human rights violations by US soldiers against war prisoners and terrorist suspects at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.In 2001, hundreds of Taliban prisoners of war were suffocated to death after they were imprisoned inner metal containers by US military in the Afghan town of Kunduz. Instead of being charged with human rights violations, the world superpower arrested Saddam ibn Talal Hussein and had him hanged to death for war crime charges during his regime. Meanwhile the international law is in full force in developing countries. International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued a warrant of arrest against Sudans re-elected leader Omar alBshir over war crime related charges.Currently, the ICC is also investigating human rights violations during the 2007 post election chaos in Kenya and is expected to take in suspects by September 2010. Efforts by the ICC to arrest perpetrators of violence are all in good faith, but how about the rich countries which commit the same crimes? Whereas it will be extremely difficult for a country which has cut off itself from the rest of the world, international law deprives nations from exercising their sovereignty within their territories with respect to the locally prevailing circumstances.The international law in large part works in favor of the developed countries and does not result in the desired interdependence which will empower weak nations. Nations should be empowered to be able to independently and decisively handle their economic, political and legal activities without interference from outside forces which may not understand the prevailing circumstances. It is only when they are empowered that they will be able to have the bargaining power which is critical for interdependence at the international level.

The Third Gender The Hijra Sociology Essay

The Third Gender The Hijra Sociology EssayIn western culture, gender and sex suffer been described chthonic two distinct realms-male and womanish. These identities to some argon determined solely biologically, and many are oblivious to the fact that in many cultures, different genders are present. peerless of the most prominent third genders is based in South Asia, specifically India. Known as the hijra, they have grown to become a prominent and known member of Indian society, but have suffered from discrimination and have struggled for their basic fundamental rights.Based in India, the hijra are physiological males who identify themselves as females at an early age, wearing womens clothing and performing stereotypical female gender roles. Indian society refers to the hijra as a third gender. They are not female nor male, but a separate entity who carries their own culture, values and traditions. In relation to the western world, the closest form to the hijra would be known as a transgender.The hijras draw in their origins back to the phantasmal era of the deity Ram. As told in the Ramayana epic, just before his sojourn into the wilderness, Ram instructed all men and women who had come to see him rack up to return to their village. The hijras, being neither men nor women stayed at Rams point of departure until his return years later. Upon seeing their devotion, Ram blessed them and promised them the right to rule during the last(a) age of mankind (Amisha_2010835). As religion is a major aspect of Indian culture, much of the hijras history is based off the Indian polytheistic religious era. As religion is of great importance to the hijra, this event historically marked their first interaction with the Indian gods.Many hijra undergo a painful expurgation process known as nirvan to functionaryly identify as a hijra. This process of the upmost importance as it ends with the new hijra embracing the femininity he has identified himself with his entire sus tenance. The process has been documentedHis transformation is nearly complete as he prostrates his naked body before the murti of Bahuchara Mata, praying for her blessings. When he stands, his chela (guru) willing complete the ceremony with two swift slices of the long blade, permanently severing his manhood. The remaining blood that gushes from the cut is considered the last of the male part. Hot sesame sow in oil will be poured over the open wound, which will later be prodded repeatedly to ensure that the urethra remains open. No anesthesia or running(a) tools are available, for it is believed that medically performed castration would diminish the spiritual experience of the ritual. (Patel_2010835)Once the castration process is completed, the hijras both physically and spiritually feel as though they have transformed themselves.As the hijra undergo a physical transformation, they also follow a strict household structure. Members of the gharana, the communal hijra household, ard ently support the hijra code. The hijras economize the basic family hierarchy. The GWU report states, An elder naik oversees the basic running of the household, and chelas initiate hijras and turn over a portion of their earnings for household expenses. In addition, all hijras behave a fee to the jamat, or congregation of hijra house leaders dod within the larger community. (Patel_2010836) Many houses are situated relatively close together. As much of Indian society and culture rejects the hijra, the hijra feel it is necessary to isolate themselves from the mainstream culture. Not only does this give the hijra a sense of community, but it also maintain their security and safety. Despite these protective measures, hijras remain a marginalized group in a country that continues to ostracize them.India is two-sided in its social perception of the hijra lifestyle. As a community, Indian society treats hijras with a combination of fascination, revulsion, and fear (Patel_2010836). As a means of survival, hijras predominantly participate in begging and prostitution. For a picayune fee, they also perform badhai- local anaesthetic families sometimes welcome them into their homes to bless auspicious births or weddings (Patel_2010836). For the most part, however, sex work is the most profitable option for the hijra. As a result, Indias hijras struggle as an ostracized social class, subject to gender violence and various other human rights violations. There are very few domestic policies protect hijras. Although there have been new pushes for their rights, few have been successful.The hijra have struggled to enjoy the basic human rights many Indians enjoy. Most importantly, Indian law does not recognize them as a third gender. This denies them the right to pick out, the right to own property, the right to marry and the right to claim formal identity through any official documents such as a passport or driving license. Accessing healthcare, employment or education be comes almost impossible. In the face of such odds they are forced to earn money any way they can (Harvey_2008html1). Hijras are regularly robbed and sexually assaulted on the street at the hands of gangs and other local thugs. A hijra who served as chairperson of a human rights organization said, We have no constitutional rights. That is the problem. We dont have voting rights often we cannot get housing. This is not allowing us to have an identity of our own (Harvey_2008html1). Reports show however, that attitudes are gradually informant to change.An initial difficulty in addressing the rights of sexual minorities is in recognizing the differences between the concepts of sex and gender. Sex, by definition, operates within the classic binary biological model, in which the human species is clearly divided into neat categories of either male or female (Patel_2010836). Gender, however, is a more inclusive term, which includes social constructs of personal belief and sexuality that h ave deeper meaning than the traditional biological sex distinction (Patel_2010836). In addition, the classic Western binary models of sex-male and female-and sexuality-homosexual and heterosexual-do not fit neatly into Indias traditional concepts of gender and identity. As a result, hijras are the unknown-the intersex gender between male and female in India.Although the hijra have been ostracized for many years, conditions are slowly starting to improve. As technology and media communication have vastly improved in India, more people are beginning to not only notice the presence of the Hijra, but also appreciate it. The Hijra have formed unions to organize protests for their human rights and will continue to fight for economy until they are satisfied. India has taken many steps toward recognizing transgender rights.In recent years, hijras have become increasingly visible in the policy-making arena. After gaining the right to vote in 1994, a few have held political office in variou s states in India, and often have the support of religiously affiliated absolute majority parties as safe candidates. In 2000, Kamla Jaan, a hijra in the state of Madhya Pradesh, was elected mayor of Katni after running as an indepen- dent. Indian society perceives hijras as un-entrenched political candidates-secular, casteless, and asexual-simultaneously able to understand the plight of the downtrodden and able to gather the support of outsiders. Furthermore, mainstream society has recast these candidates as embodiments of respect and morality, above traditional corruption that permeates Indian politics. As a result of their improved prominence, India has taken some effective measures in acknowledging the legal status of hijras. For example, there are three distinct gender motley choices available on the Indian Passport-male, female, and others (Patel_2010836).In addition, the prominence of hijras in the media has fostered increased social acceptance of transgendered individuals. Thus far, the state of Tamil Nadu seems the most accepting. There, a transsexual hosts a local talk show called Ippadikku Rose. The state also hosts an annual transgender festival to facilitate accept- ance of hijras into mainstream society. In addition, hijras are making appearances in the fashion industry, and recent Bollywood films portray them in a positive light. In 1994, the South Indian film Tamanna portrayed the life of a hijra who saves a young girl from life on the streets and later adopts her. In 2008, a hijra was cast as the first transgender in the country with a lead role in a mainstream Tamil movie.Despite receiving some recognition and social acceptance, hijras remain an ostracized and differentiated social class. Hijras struggle to reconcile their physical visibility with the invisibility of their community as a whole. In the end, however, community invisibility makes hijras susceptible to gender violence and other human rights abuses. By creating and recognizing t ransgender rights, India has the capacity to battle its current HIV/AIDS pandemic in a meaningful way, give real effect to the human rights of sexual minorities, and serve as a model for other nations to recognize gender-based rights. In range to accomplish these goals, however, India must repeal current discriminatory laws and enact equal opportunity legislation on the basis of gender and sexuality. In order for there to be meaningful change, formal legislation must be passed, and with the help of the human rights activists and unions, the legislation could very well happen.Works ConsultedAmisha, R. P. (2010). INDIAS HIJRAS THE CASE FOR TRANSGENDER RIGHTSdagger. The George capital letter International Law Review, 42(4), 835-863.Nick Harveyhttp//www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rights (Hijras Indian Changing Rights)The Hijras of Indiahttp//lisa.cs.duke.edu/john/finalproject/Khan, S. I., Hussain, M. I., Parveen, S., Bhuiyan, M. I., Gourab, G., Sark er, G. F., . . . Sikder, J. (2009). Living on the extreme margin Social exclusion of the transgender population (hijra) in bangladesh. journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 27(4), 441-51. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.proxy.library.vanderbilt.edu/docview/202996682?accountid=14816

Light Touch Management Style Information Technology Essay

Light Touch oversight Style Information Technology leaven suggest focus is the discipline of excogitatening, organizing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of detail send goals and objectives. A dispatch is a predetermined effort (having special(prenominal) start and completion dates) undertaken to do a unique intersection point or service which brings about beneficial change or added value.The primary challenge of foresee bring home the baconment is to achieve the project goals and objectives while honouring the project constraints. Typical constraints be scope, time and budget. The secondary and more am bitious challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives. (L. Ireland)2. Introduction conventional project management methodologies grew out of a need to control ever-larger development projects, and the difficulties of estimating and managing these efforts to reliably deliver results. These methodologies based on the Waterfall Model (Refer Appendix) process drew heavily on the principles from plan such as construction management, where the ag sort needs to determine requirements, design and plan for the entire building in order to understand the full scope of the effort and maintain them in an orderly sequence (Hass K.B., 2007). The inadequacy of this process is that in real world situation the activities rargonly represent a sequential order clients find it difficult to complete certain processes completely at an first stage and then move on.A need arises to identify, track and maintain close relationships with stakeholders and customers to not only overcome pressures of unprecedented change, global competition, time to-market concretion and cursorily changing technologies but also to create and deliver customer value. Augustine (2006) defines Agile Project focusing as the work of energizing, empowering and enabling project teams to rapidly and reliably d eliver business value by engaging customers and sustainedly learning and adapting to their changing needs and environments. For font Infosys, by using industrious blast it has successfully integrated and standardized desktops to provide one technology foundation for the merged business of Promina group of companies and Suncorp. The project was achieved in short time with ceaseless checking process to ensure the project remained on track.33. BENIFITS AND CHALLENGES OF APMBoehm H. et.al. (2005) identified three critical challenging areas that affect the software system package managers of large scale organisations3.1 DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTTraditional project life cycles require adjustments to the agile process the reason being traditional activities are focussed on optimising development over a terminus of time controversial to agility which believes in delivering immediate operational results. Agile requirements being primarily functional and reasonably informal they may or m ay not work in any systems engineering verification of validation nestle.3.2 BUSINESS CONFLICTTodays business processes and infrastructure require al about accurate presage of future difficult-to-estimate responsibilities. The main problem is that agile does not support the certifications like ISO, CMMI etc because of this organization rating is affected.3.3PEOPLE CONFLICTAgile team members will perform multitasking so it is difficult for the managers to assign specific roles to the members. Agile teams must be assembled in agile workspace which demands pair-programming stations, walls for status chart for the team to coordinate and share ideas. Stakeholders may bestow a different role which is key for the organisation as agile requires onsite customers, customer feedback and interaction, and customer input for acceptance testing.4. Agile Project ManagementThe agile development methodologies deal with rapid changes include eXtreme Programming (XP),Crystal, Scrum, Adaptive Softwar e Development (ASD), Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) and Feature-Driven Development (FDD) (Abrahamsson P., 2003).Generally agile methods make headway a project management process that mainly focuses on frequent inspection and adaptation, a leadership philosophy that encourages teamwork, self-organization and accountability, a set of engineering best practices that allow for rapid delivery of high-quality software, and a business approach that aligns development with customer needs and company goals. There are many specific agile development methods. Most promote development iterations, teamwork, collaboration, and process adaptability throughout the life-cycle of the project. Agile methods break tasks into small increments with minimal formulation, and dont directly involve long-term planning. loop topologys are short time frames that typically last from one to four weeks. Iteration is worked on by a team through a full software development cycle, including planning, re quirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing when a working product is demonstrated to stakeholders. This helps minimize overall risk, and lets the project adapt to changes quickly. Stakeholders produce documentation as required.. Agile methods are manytimes characterized as being at the opposite end of the spectrum from plan-driven or disciplined methods. This distinction is misleading, as it implies that agile methods are unintended or undisciplined. A more accurate distinction is that methods exist on a continuum from adaptive to predictive. (Turner, 2004).4.1 Agile ManagementAgile management technically is employ mainly in IT projects or projects which use software programmes as their base. Its been well known now that software plays an important part in the Project Management practises of now a day, as it plays an important role, agile project management is also becoming an integral part of it. There are confused software techniques that managem ent teams are now employing for their Project Management needs, such as CAS (Complex Adaptive System). CAS based agile project management framework is established that prescribes 6 practises for managing agile development projects. These practises not only help to manage teams as complex adaptive systems but also provide with a freedom to hatch personal leadership styles. For example consider an ant colony which is an example for CAS. Individually, ants have primitive brains yet collectively run surprisingly sophisticated and effective operations. Using a few simple rules of logic without central direction, they find food, build and maintain their nests, tend to their young, and respond to attacks (G. Anthes). Keeping the principles in mind, the project manager can tune the following practices to match their unique project situation.4.1.1 Guiding VisionAccording to Margaret Wheatley, A project vision translated into a simple controversy of project purpose and communicated to all team members has a powerful effect on individual member behaviour.. It is essential for the agile project managers to promote team ownership of the vision by facilitating group discussions that would eventually help the team through difficult decisions about business value and would help them focus and elysian on the ultimate goal. Agile managers guide their teams by defining, disseminating, and sustaining a vision that influences the internal models of individual agents. The Agile Manifesto (www.agilemanifesto.org) created in 2001 by the proponents of these methodologies articulated a core set of values useful in steering this vision.4.1.2 Team OrganisingAgile project managers need to pay lot of attention to set up and organize a agile team to operate within the larger enterprise. Agile project managers need to seek a redundancy of function and posses generalized specialists with skills not only in their specialty areas, but in other areas as well. This would then help in organic team composition and alter adaptability to changing external conditions. If a project demands larger team size, the agile manger needs to organize the project into several(prenominal) small organic submarine teams to work in parallel to scale up in size. Organizing a project into organic teams implies a minor interaction penalty in damage of intercourse and coordination overhead (De Marco). Positive collaboration can be achieved by means of the time-honoured kick-off group lunch, training sessions by sharing personal and master education and by understanding individual team members signals. Also it is vital for agile manager to ensure that the team maintains optimal internal channels of communication while minimizing the effect of an interaction penalty.4.1.3 Simple RulesAgile project managers should establish a set of simple, generative process rules for the team. Methodologies usually carry processes, templates, deliverables and rules along with them. These rules make up so burden that they are not followed at all. Some heavier processes enforce rule compliance by auditing, resulting in being counterproductive. Team members on APM projects should follow simple rules with their interactions resulting in complex behaviour emerging from the bottom up over time. Throughout a project, the manager identifies practices that arent being followed, seeks to understand why theyre not, and removes obstacles to their implementation. For example consider Birds in a group they follow basic rules such as avoiding objects, keeping pace and staying close to other birds .By following these simple rules, group of birds exhibit complex, collective behaviour by flying for long distances and adapting to changing conditions along the way (Augustine, 2006).Also XP practices do not restrict the autonomy and creativity of individuals by providing a simple set of rules.4.1.4 Free and Open InformationTo adapt an agile team information must be open and free flowing. In agile proje ct management information flows freely and team members benefit from the power of knowledge no matter what its source. In the agile arena, information is freed to leverage its power. Collective code ownership encourages everyone to contribute to the project. For instance, Trimble Navigation New Zealand implemented XP practices as fully as possible, as these practices promote open access to information and benefited of working with an accessible in-house customer who was able to be part of the project team.4.1.5 Light Touch Management StyleIn Traditional project management everything is viewed through the prism of control of change, risk and passel control (Augustine, 2006).Elaborate methodologies, tools, and practices have evolved to manage an out of control world. But tools fail when linear task breakdowns cannot conciliate cyclical processes and neat schedule demand frequent updating to reflect changing circumstances. So agile managers need to manage their teams with a light sh am management style that allows team autonomy and flexibility and a customer value focus without sacrificing control. Skilled professionals dont adapt well to micromanagement, and tools and techniques quickly reach their limits when not used appropriately. Managers realize that increased control doesnt yield increased order, accepting their own inability to know everything in advance while relinquishing some control to achieve greater order.4.1.6 Adaptive Leadership (Agile Vigilance)Adaptive leadership employs systems thinking to understand a projects internal forces. For example, events are understood in term of their patterns, or the common elements that persist in diverse circumstances. The agile manager understands the effects of the mutual interactions among a projects various parts and steers them in the direction of perpetual learning and adaptation (Sanjiv et al., 2005). Double-loop Learning enable agile managers to lead teams adaptively that involves continuous observing and assessing of the effect of the practices on the project and adapting the practices such as getting Plus-Delta feedback and conducting scenario planning for maximum impact and desired results4.2 Agile FrameworkScott Amblers Agile Modelling framework provides a broader framework for creating agile processes applied to software projects. Higher take Agile Model Driven Development (AMDD) best practices came into existence when AMDD lifecycle began to combine to describe when modelling occurs on projects such as Architectural picturing and Requirements envisioning at the beginning of the project or model storming on a Just-In-Time (JIT) basis throughout the project(Ambler,2002). Project managers and senior managers should strive to keep modelling approach as collaborative and simple as possible, by adopting as many of the principles and practises of AM to ease it gradually4.3 Principles of Agile ManagementAgile methods are a family of development processes, not a single approach to software development. Some of the principles of Agile Project Management are-Customer satisfaction by rapid, continuous delivery of useful softwareWorking software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months)Even late changes in requirements are welcomedClose, daily cooperation between business people and developersFace-to-face conversation is the best form of communication (Co-location)Regular adaptation to changing circumstancesSimplicitySelf Organising Teams.5. Example of Agile Project Management5.1 Executive SummaryIn 2002, Agile competency has started within Mahindra Satyam. It had a strong team of over a 100 consultants who were well happy in diverse skill sets to address various dimensions of Agile product implementation, support and bread and butter services. The main focus was on customer delight and success. There are many challenges that an established software organization faces when shifting to Agile. While there is a wealth of information and literature on th e topic, much of it is most relevant to small teams working on Greenfield projects. But when contending with several teams, multiple projects and a mix of work new products, existing products, and maintenance there is an art to calculate out how to adapt Agile so that it works for the business. The consultants are well trained in diverse sets to address the different dimensions of agile and the team is trained in various product versions including 8.5, 9x and agile e6.5.2 OverviewMahindra Satyam is a leading global business consulting and IT services company established in June, 1987. Leveraging deep intentness functional expertise, leading technology practices, and an advanced, global delivery model, we enable companies to unlock their business potential. It provides various services and rootages using agile methodological analysis. Satyam has developed agile methodology to track costs associated in gathering and analysing the requirements, which are the primary cause for a software project to fail. Electronic Training Record (ETR) is a solution developed in agile to maintain and track the training requirements of users in pharmacy industries. Today Satyam is a part of the $6.3 billion Mahindra Group, a global industrial conglomerate and one of the top 10 industrial firms based in India.5.3 Applying AgileAgile requires a great deal of discipline. To succeed, you need to have well engineering practices and tooling, said Maples. Almost immediately, Agile exposes those areas that need greater attention. And how you deploy and structure your data will determine the accuracy and scale of your project. The first step was to define standards for data descriptions uniform definitions for different activities and assets across the organization. A single definition for goal story, requirement, user story. This helped to make it easier for teams to understand each others work, and allow them to manage dependencies across teams. Next, Satyam made Team Focus the standard management console for all of its delivery projects. Team Focus sits on top of all the various ALM tools and repositories for delivery organization and provides a single Agile dashboard. This enabled the teams to immediately begin adopting agile practices without making significant changes to tool support.5.4 Agile PlanningTo drive coalescence between its Agile teams, marketing and product management organizations, and ensure that the work that is happening sprint by sprint maps back to business goals, it relies on the familiarity between Team Focus and its core products to link strategic goals and plan items directly to the requirements, user stories, tasks, and test cases. Agile projects emphasize on working software, which is instead different from traditional software. Traditionally, the success of a project is measured by the functional milestone. In agile projects, however, working software is the final measurement of project status. At the end of each short ite ration, a working product is produced and available for review. The main advantage of this is it provides enough time to fix any fall away during the execution of a project before it affects adversely on the project5.5 Agile Quality5.6 Result100% increase in number of product releases per yearReduced administrative and planning overhead by an average of 15 hours per 3 week sprintEliminated 6 days a month of vice president and director time spent reporting per product groupIncreased customer satisfaction by including minor features in maintenance releasesIncreased product quality, reducing issues open from release to release by 50%Increased team productivity through enhanced morale(Source www.mahindrasatyam.com)6. cultivationThe lack of guidance for project managers of agile development projects has been a gaping hole in the software development community over the past several years. The contrast between the world of agile software development and traditional project management ha s left many managers wondering what their role should be. By viewing the agile development team as a complex adaptive system and the manager as an integral part of that system, we have begun to develop a framework for managers. This framework of practices is meant to overlay the practices of existing agile methodologies such as XP, and provide clear guidelines for the visionary leadership of projects that use them. The servant-leader concept introduced by Robert Greenleaf is the most appropriate way of thinking of the agile project manager. The project can be modified as and when the process moves and can be guided to create the desired outcomes. Despite of being simple agile is a costly process. It needs an organisation with a quality team capable of working unaffiliated from the organisation coupled with desired skills and experience and a fully engaged product powerthen the project will be lead in a great way.7. ReferencesAbrahamsson, P., Warsta, J., Siponen, M., Ronkainen, J. (2003). New directions in agile methodsComparative analysis. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering,pp 244-254.Alleman G.B. (2002). Agile Project Management Methods for IT Projects, The Story of Managing Projects A Global, Cross- Disciplinary Collection of Perspectives. Greenwood Press / Quorum BooksAugustine S., Payne B., Sencindiver F., Woodcock, S. (2005). Agile Project ManagementSteering From the Edges.(Vol. 48). Communications of the ACM. Issue. 12. pp. 85-89.Augustine, S. (2006). Managing Agile Projects. Printice Hall PTR.David I. Cleland, Roland Gareis (2006). Global project management handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. ISBN 0071460454. p.1-4 Project management was formally recognized in the 1950s as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline.DeMarco, T. The Deadline A Novel close to Project Management. Dorset House, New York, 1997.Hass K.B. (2007). The Blending of Traditional and Agile Project Management. (Vol. IX).PM World Today. Issue. V.Lewis R. Ireland (2006) Project Management. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006.Sanjiv et al., Communication of the ACM, December 2005/ Vol.48, No. 12Scott W. Ambler (2002). Agile Modelling. make by John Wiley Sons , Inc., New YorkAnthes, G. Ant colony IT. Computerworld (2001) http//www.computerworld.com/s/article/61394/Ant_Colony_IT accessed on 15-04-2010http//www.mahindrasatyam.com/services/erp/Agile.asp8. AppendixAppendix-1Model storming Active Stakeholder participationTest-driven design (TDD) Prioritized RequirementsIteration modeling Requirements EnvisioningArchitecture EnvisioningExecutable Specifications Just barely good enoughDocument late Multiple models Model a bit aheadSingle source informationAGILEMODELING Source -Ambler (2002)Appendix-2Source http//www.fivelakes.org/images/projectstages.pngAppendix-3Source Hass K.B. (2007)

Macbeth: Macbeth - A Tragic Hero :: essays research papers

Macbeth Macbeth - A Tragic Hero     "(Sometimes a tragic hero is created, non through his sustain villainy),but rather through some flaw in him, he being one of those who are in highstation and good fortune, manage Oedipus and Thyestes and the famous men of suchfamilies as those." (Poetics, Aristotle). Every great tragedy is dominated bya protagonist who has within himself a tragic flaw, besides much or too little ofone of Aristotles twelve virtues. In Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth,a great Scottish general and thane of Glamis, has just won an significant battle,when he is told by three witches that he will become thane of Cawdor and thenking of Scotland. After Macbeth is given Cawdor by fag Duncan, he takes thewitches words for fair play and conspires against Duncan with his wife. WhenDuncan comes to Macbeths castle that night, Macbeth kills him and takes thecrown for himself after Duncans sons flee from Scotland. Then Macbeth reignsfor a while, has several people killed, and is eventually slain by Macduff whenhe and Malcolm return leading the armies of England. frequently people read theplay and automatically conclude that Macbeths tragic flaw is his ambitionthat he is compelled to commit so many acts of violence by his impulse for power.However, by carefully examining the first act, one can determine the defect inMacbeths character that creates his ambition his true tragic flaw. Macbethstragic flaw is not his ambition as most people believe, but rather his trust inthe words of the witches and in his wifes decisions.     At the beginning of the play Macbeth has no designs on the throne, andhe does not start plotting until his wife comes up with a plan. When firstfaced with the witches words, Macbeth expresses astonishment and disbeliefrather than welcoming them when he says, "...to be King stands not within theprospect of belief, no more than to be Cawdor...."(1.3.73-75). When confron tedwith the witches proclamation that he is to be king, Macbeth responds as aloyal subject would not as a man with secret aspirations in his heart. He hasno reason to hide his true feelings at this point so therefore it can beassumed that Macbeth has not yet truly considered killing the king. Even afterthe first of the witches predictions comes true, Macbeth does not plot againstthe king but instead decides to leave it to peril. "(Aside) If chance willhave me King, why, chance may crown me, Without my stir."(1.3.143-144).Macbeth has already been granted the title of thane of Cawdor, but still he

The History of Rap Music :: Rap Music Jamaican Culture Essays

The History of Rap MusicRap music originated as a cross-cultural product. nearly of its important early practitioners-including KoolHerc, D.J. Hollywood, and Afrika Bambaataa-were either first- or second-generation Americans ofCaribbean ancestry. Herc and Hollywood are both credited with introducing the Jamaican style of cuttingand fuse into the musical culture of the southeast Bronx. By most accounts Herc was the first DJ to buy twocopies of the same record for just a 15-second break (rhythmic instrumental segment) in the middle. Bymixing back and forth between the two copies he was able to double, triple, or indefinitely extend thebreak. In so doing, Herc effectively deconstructed and reconstructed so-called rear sound, using theturntable as a musical instrument. While he was cutting with two turntables, Herc would also perform with the microphone in Jamaican crisp style-joking, boasting, and using myriad in-group references. Hercs musical parties eventuallygained notoriety and were often documented on cassette tapes that were recorded with the relatively newboombox, or blaster, technology. Taped duplicates of these parties rapidly make their way through theBronx, Brooklyn, and uptown Manhattan, spawning a number of similar DJ acts. Among the new breed ofDJs was Afrika Bambaataa, the first important Black Muslim in rap. (The Muslim presence would becomevery influential in the late 1980s.) Bambaataa often engaged in sound-system battles with Herc, similar tothe so-called cutting contests in jazz a generation earlier. The sound system competitions were held atcity parks, where hot-wired street lamps supplied electricity, or at local clubs. Bambaataa sometimesmixed sounds from rock-music recordings and video shows into the standard funk and discotheque fare thatHerc and most of his followers relied upon. By using rock records, Bambaataa extended rap beyond theimmediate reference points of contemporary black youth culture. By the 1990s any sound source wasc onsidered fair game and rap artists borrowed sounds from such disparate sources as Israeli folk music,bebop jazz records, and television news broadcasts. In 1976 Grandmaster Flash introduced the technique In 1979 the first two rap records appeared KingTim III (Personality Jock), recorded by the Fatback Band, and Rappers Delight, by Sugarhill Gang. Aserial publication of verses recited by the three members of Sugarhill Gang, Rappers Delight became a nationalhit, reaching number 36 on the Billboard magazine popular music charts. The spoken content, by and largebraggadocio spiced with fantasy, was derived largely from a pool of material used by most of the earlierrappers. The backing track for Rappers Delight was supplied by hired studio apartment musicians, who replicated

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimers Disease is an irreversible, genetically linked illness. This disease was chosen for the topic of this essay under the consideration that in umpteen families the illness can be incredibly tragic, passing down for generations without mercy. It is not rare to encounter families in which each member is afflicted with a form, cracked or severe, of Alzheimers. The disease is a progressive brain disease which comes in two separate types Early-Onset Alzheimers Disease and Late-Onset Alzheimers Disease. These go out be discussed in full later on in the paper.The symptoms of Alzheimers are extremely detrimental to the individual whom it affects, as the disease attacks the brain cells and their connections. As the illness progresses, more of the affected brain cells die. In the very beginning stages, many of the symptoms are mistakenly associated simply with the effects of ageing or stress. Issues such as attentiveness, hornswoggle thinking, and mild memory loss which happens t o be the most notable of these early symptoms, will all start to appear. As the disease progresses, patients will begin to befuddle a difficulty with perception and execution of motions. Memory will begin to take a heavy toll on the patient at this point, becoming a prominent dilemma. Older memories or episodic memories (such as writing), do not take the brunt of these attacks, plainly rather newer memories are affected the most. Soon, issues with speech will begin to arise, as the patients vocabulary begins to become more and more limited and simplistic. Coordination and movement begin to become difficult task for the persons affected, but can ordinarily be accomplished at this point of the disease. In moderate cases, the deterioration of the mind will eventually ... ...much to prepare themselves for the onslaught that is Alzheimers Disease.Works CitedAlzheimers Association - Alzheimers & Dementia Risk Factors. Alzheimers Association. Web. 04 May 2012. .Alzheimers Disease Genet ics Fact Sheet. topic Institute on Aging. Web. 04 May 2012. .Alzheimers Disease Research Centers. National Institute on Aging. Web. 04 May 2012. .Alzheimers Topics. National Institute on Aging. Web. 04 May 2012. .Fisher Center for Alzheimers Research Foundation. Fisher Center Foundation. Web. 04 May 2012. .

Essay on Race in Invisible Man and Black Boy -- Invisible Man Essays

The Question of operate in infrared Man and down(p) son In the early twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate black American writers started employing modernist ways of argumentation to come up with possible answers to the race question. Two of the most(prenominal) outstanding figures of them on both, the literary and the political take aim, were Richard Wright, the most important voice in black American literature for the primary half of the twentieth century (Norton, 548) and his contemporary Ralph Ellison, unitary of the most footnoted writers in American literary history (Norton, 700). In this paper I want to comp atomic number 18 Wrights autobiography Black Boy with Ellisons novel Invisible Man and, in doing so, assess the effectiveness of their conclusions. Both books have realityy striking parallels. Each tells the story of a young and levelheaded picaresque eccentric who goes through a painful odyssey of racism and prejudice during which he intellectually matures. Disappointed by institutions like family, church and political parties, generally because they try to strip them of their individuality by instrumentalizing and categorizing them, both booster stations grow more than and more disillusioned. At the peak of their cynicism they eventually reject the American society as a whole. They now have only two logically consistent ways out of their dilemma Flight or fight. Ellisons protagonist chooses to take the first way. He believes that he can now finally see how society really works and he finds that in it he plays the role of an invisible man. His invisibility is imputable to the fact that the other people are blind for the characteristics that distinguish him as an individual human being and instead apply to him the uniform stereotypes they associate with A... ...llison ends. His protagonist does not have to look for the individualism that the invisible man is always struggling for because he seems to have been born with it. Ther efore his efforts are much more focused and constructive. In conclusion I can say that I understand Ellisons point of view on the emotional level but that I have to give Wright right on the political level. Works Cited Berry, W. Abner. Ralph Ellisons Novel Invisible Man Show Snobbery, Contempt for Negro People. The Daily Worker 8 Nov. 1999 <http//www.english.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/berry-on-ellison.html>. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. second ed. New York Vintage International, 1995. W. L. Andrews et al., ed. The Literature of the American South A Norton Anthology. New York Norton, 1998. 58 Wright, Richard. Black Boy. New York Harperpennial, 1993. Essay on Race in Invisible Man and Black Boy -- Invisible Man EssaysThe Question of Race in Invisible Man and Black Boy In the early twentieth century black American writers started employing modernist ways of argumentation to come up with possible answers to the race question. Two of the most outstanding figures of them on both, the literary and the political level, were Richard Wright, the most important voice in black American literature for the first half of the twentieth century (Norton, 548) and his contemporary Ralph Ellison, one of the most footnoted writers in American literary history (Norton, 700). In this paper I want to compare Wrights autobiography Black Boy with Ellisons novel Invisible Man and, in doing so, assess the effectiveness of their conclusions. Both books have many striking parallels. Each tells the story of a young and intelligent picaresque character who goes through a painful odyssey of racism and prejudice during which he intellectually matures. Disappointed by institutions like family, church and political parties, mainly because they try to deprive them of their individuality by instrumentalizing and categorizing them, both protagonists grow more and more disillusioned. At the peak of their cynicism they eventually reject the American society as a whole. They no w have only two logically consistent ways out of their dilemma Flight or fight. Ellisons protagonist chooses to take the first way. He believes that he can now finally see how society really works and he finds that in it he plays the role of an invisible man. His invisibility is due to the fact that the other people are blind for the characteristics that distinguish him as an individual human being and instead apply to him the same stereotypes they associate with A... ...llison ends. His protagonist does not have to look for the individualism that the invisible man is always struggling for because he seems to have been born with it. Therefore his efforts are much more focused and constructive. In conclusion I can say that I understand Ellisons point of view on the emotional level but that I have to give Wright right on the political level. Works Cited Berry, W. Abner. Ralph Ellisons Novel Invisible Man Show Snobbery, Contempt for Negro People. The Daily Worker 8 Nov. 1999 <htt p//www.english.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/berry-on-ellison.html>. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. 2nd ed. New York Vintage International, 1995. W. L. Andrews et al., ed. The Literature of the American South A Norton Anthology. New York Norton, 1998. 58 Wright, Richard. Black Boy. New York Harperpennial, 1993.